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4. Microstates and Entropy Changes in Energy Standard Entropy Changes in the Entropy of Surroundings The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Energy Entropy Thermodynamics > Entropy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/chemistry?campaign_content=book_187_section_124&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

6. Key terms entropy A thermodynamic property that is the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. ferromagnetic the basic mechanism by which certain materials form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets microstate The specific detailed microscopic configuration of a system. paramagnetic attracted to the poles of a magnet quantized Expressed or existing only in terms of discrete quanta; limited by the restrictions of quantization. standard entropy Entropy of a substance at 1 atm pressure. surroundings All parts of the universe that are not within the thermodynamic system of interest. third law of thermodynamics a law which states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics

7. Entropy is a measure of the degree of spreading and sharing of thermal energy within a system. This "spreading and sharing" can be spreading of the thermal energy into a larger volume of space or its sharing amongst previously inaccessible microstates of the system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. "What is entropy?." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.htmlView on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

8. Entropy of the Playroom Andrew Vanden Heuvel explores the concept of entropy while cleaning the playroom. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

9. Standard Entropy Standard entropies of some gases at 298K, J K–1 mol–1 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. "What is entropy?." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.htmlView on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

10. Example of increasing entropy Ice melting in a warm room is a common example of increasing entropy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Entropy." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EntropyView on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

11. Entropy as a Function of Temperature The entropy (S) of a substance (compound or element) as a function of temperature (T). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikieducator. "Fig5.1." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://wikieducator.org/EntropyLesson5 View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://wikieducator.org/EntropyLesson5View on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

12. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics Which of the following would you expect to have the largest entropy at 25°C? A) one mole of gaseous carbon tetrafluoride B) one mole of liquid helium C) one mole of gaseous helium D) one mole of solid carbon dioxide

13. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/CC BY 3.0http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Thermodynamics Which of the following would you expect to have the largest entropy at 25°C? A) one mole of gaseous carbon tetrafluoride B) one mole of liquid helium C) one mole of gaseous helium D) one mole of solid carbon dioxide

14. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics If there is a glass of ice water sitting in a warm room, which statement best describes the change in energy? A) The entropy of the ice water has decreased more than the entropy of the room has decreased. B) The entropy of the ice water has decreased more than the entropy of the room has increased. C) The entropy of the ice water has increased more than the entropy of the room has decreased. D) The entropy of the ice water has increased proportionate to the entropy decrease of the room.

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics If there is a glass of ice water sitting in a warm room, which statement best describes the change in energy? A) The entropy of the ice water has decreased more than the entropy of the room has decreased. B) The entropy of the ice water has decreased more than the entropy of the room has increased. C) The entropy of the ice water has increased more than the entropy of the room has decreased. D) The entropy of the ice water has increased proportionate to the entropy decrease of the room.

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics In general, which best represents the relative entropy levels? A) solid < gas < liquid B) liquid < gas C) solid < liquid < gas D) gas < liquid

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics In general, which best represents the relative entropy levels? A) solid < gas < liquid B) liquid < gas C) solid < liquid < gas D) gas < liquid

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics The reaction in which mechanical work is converted into frictional heat is: A) reversible and changes the entropy of the surroundings. B) irreversible and does not change the entropy of the surroundings. C) irreversible and changes the entropy of the surroundings. D) reversible and does not change the entropy of the surroundings.

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics The reaction in which mechanical work is converted into frictional heat is: A) reversible and changes the entropy of the surroundings. B) irreversible and does not change the entropy of the surroundings. C) irreversible and changes the entropy of the surroundings. D) reversible and does not change the entropy of the surroundings.

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics Mathematically, the absolute entropy of any system at zero temperature is the: A) natural log of the enthalpy times Boltzmann's constant kB. B) pressure times the volume times Boltzmann's constant kB. C) natural log of the temperature times Boltzmann's constant kB. D) natural log of the number of ground states times Boltzmann's constant kB.

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics Mathematically, the absolute entropy of any system at zero temperature is the: A) natural log of the enthalpy times Boltzmann's constant kB. B) pressure times the volume times Boltzmann's constant kB. C) natural log of the temperature times Boltzmann's constant kB. D) natural log of the number of ground states times Boltzmann's constant kB.

22. Attribution Wikipedia. "Entropy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EntropyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy Wikipedia. "Introduction to entropy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_entropyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_entropy Wikipedia. "entropy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/entropyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/entropy Wiktionary. "microstate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microstateCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microstate Steve Lower's Website. "What is entropy?." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.htmlCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html Steve Lower's Website. "What is entropy?." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html#SEC4CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html#SEC4 Wikipedia. "Standard entropy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_entropyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_entropy Wiktionary. "latent heat." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/latent+heatCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/latent+heat Steve Lower's Website. "What is entropy?." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.htmlCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html Wiktionary. "surroundings." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surroundingsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surroundings Steve Lower's Website. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE3.htmlCC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE3.html Steve Lower's Website. "What is entropy?." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.htmlCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html Wiktionary. "quantized." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantizedCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantized Wikipedia. "Entropy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EntropyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy Wikipedia. "third law of thermodynamics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/third%20law%20of%20thermodynamicsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/third%20law%20of%20thermodynamics Wikipedia. "Ice Ih." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20IhCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20Ih Wikipedia. "Laws of thermodynamics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamicsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics

23. Wikipedia. "Third law of thermodynamics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamicsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics Wiktionary. "ferromagnetic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferromagneticCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferromagnetic Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics