1. 1 Pathogen: Bacteria & Fungi Ms Sherina Kamal

2. 2 INTRODUCTION Both manure and animal carcasses contain pathogens (disease-causing organisms) which can impact: human health other livestock aquatic life wildlife when introduced into the environment Several pathogenic organisms found in manure can infect humans

3. 3 Bacteria Anthrax Brucellosis Colibaciliosis Erysipelas Leptospirosis Listeriosis Salmonellosis Tetanus

4. 4 Anthrax Responsible Organism: Bacillus anthracis

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9. 9 Brucellosis disease typically affecting individuals that work in contact with infected farm animals or with animal-derived tissues the incidence of this disease has fallen in the countries that have attempted to eradicate the infection in animals Brucella abortus Brucella suis

10. 10 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC3040083/

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12. 12 Colibaciliosis Responsible organism: Escherichia coli (some serotypes) A calf with colibacillosis note the rough hair coat and the soiled tail

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15. 15 Erysipelas Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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17. 17 Leptospirosis Leptospira Pomona

18. 18 Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for severe foodborne infections in humans and can also cause invasive disease in many different animal species including farm ruminants Cattle Sheep goats

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20. 20 Salmonellosis Salmonella species

21. 21 Tetanus Clostridium tetani anaerobic gram-positive bacillus that forms spores The bacteria have been described to look like a drumstick, racket or club sensitive to heat and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen However, the spores are very resistant to heat and usual antiseptics Spores of C. tetani are everywhere and are found in soil, dust, animal intestines, and animal feces (including humans) Its occurrence is worldwide but is most commonly found in dense populated regions in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter Transmission is primarily by contaminated wounds. The typical example is stepping on a rusty nail Tetanus is not contagious from person to person but is infectious as acquired through environmental exposure Only vaccine-preventable disease that is infectious but not contagious

22. 22 FUNGI

23. 23 Coccidioidycosis Coccidioides immitus the most virulent of the fungal pathogens this fungus is a dimorphic pathogen, which means it can change from the room- temperature hyphal form at to the body-temperature spherule form containing endospores The fungus can survive at 20 cm under the soil absent on the surface during hot dry weather

24. 24 Coccidioidycosis occupational hazards are in those occupations in the exposure to: soil dust including agricultural workers construction workers telephone pole diggers archaeological students Since this is the most virulent of the fungal pathogens, it should never be grown out in culture except under very controlled conditions use gloved transfer hood and in screw cap vials

25. 25 Coccidioides immitus the fungus produces its small arthrospores in abundance in culture If these escape, they can cause lab infections These arthrospores can pass through a 2 mm filter found in normal biological safety cabinets/ hoods! It is a very dangerous organism

26. 26 Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum the fungus lives in the environment usually in association with large amounts of bird or bat droppings Lung infection can occur after a person inhales airborne, microscopic fungal spores from the environment; however, many people who inhale the spores do not get sick

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28. 28 Ringworm Various microsporum and trichophyton highly contagious skin disease which means that it can be transmitted though direct (e.g. animal-animal) and indirect (e.g. rug-animal) contact Moreover, it is also known as a zoonotic disease and can, therefore, infect humans as well

29. 29 Trichophyton This genus mainly infects animals Trichophyton equinum causing ringworm in horses and occasionally other animals, Tinea corporis (ringworm of the skin) in humans Trichophyton mentagrophytes can cause ringworm in rodents, dogs, cats, horses, cattle, swine and humans Trichophyton verrucosum causes ringworm in cattle, and occasionally sheep, horses and humans

30. 30 Trichophyton verrucosum

31. 31 Microsporum This genus mainly infects animals e.g. Microsporum canis and is the most common cause of ringworm in dogs and cats It may also cause infection in humans, It is less common in other animals such as goats, cattle, and swine Microsporum gypseum, a geophilic dermatophyte causes ringworm infection in rodents, horses and dogs Infection due to Microsporum gypseum is less common in humans and other animals

32. 32 END OF LECTURE