1. To understand the meaning of the word significance To devise criteria for what makes a historical event significant To apply the criteria for significance to prior historical learning What makes a historic event important ? What do you think has been the most historically important event of your lifetime/the last 20 years?

2. Is this the most important event of your lifetime?

3. 2,998 people from 80 different countries lost their lives on September 11 th 2001 – treble the amount of pupils who come to SPH http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=1lKZ qqSI9-s

4. On the first day of the Battle of the Somme, 19,240 British troops were killed and a further 38,230 were wounded… …making a total of 57,470 casualties for Britain alone, in one day.

5. The Battle of the Somme began in July 1916 and finished in November 1916. The Allied armies made gains of about 12 kilometres – roughly the distance from Haywards Heath to Hassocks In just 3 and a half months, there were over 1 million casualties (dead and wounded) on all sides. British casualties were approximately 420,000 French casualties were approximately 204,000 German casualties were between 465,000 and 600,000 The British daily loss rate was 2,943 men

6. July 1 st 1916 was the first day of the Battle of the Somme… By the end of that day, Britain alone lost 19,240 men.

7. Think about events like 9/11 and the Battle of the Somme. What makes them historically important? Why are they chosen as subjects for you to learn about at school? How do we measure ‘importance’? Come up with your own criteria. “Important because...”

8. Important to a particular person/country? Important because it affected a large amount of people? Important because it had an impact on future events? Important because it tells us about the attitudes or concerns of a person or group Important because it affected people deeply at the time?

9. G roundbreaking Did it lead to great new changes e.g weapons, tactics, buildings, ways of ruling and doing things R emembered Do people still celebrate or remember this event years after it happened? Is it an event most people will have heard of? E vents Were these events ones which spread further than just one country? Did it affect people in other countries? A ffecting Did this event have a big affect on people’s lives, and affect them for many years into the future? T errifying Were people terrified by this event? Criteria for a significant event

10. Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig by Henry Walter Barnett National Portrait Gallery

11. What does this picture show? Who do you think he is? What do you think he did?

12. This statue of Field Marshal Haig can be found in Whitehall. It was constructed to salute a victory which cost the lives of millions of brave soldiers who died in the trenches of the Somme, Passchedaele and the innumerable other cockpits of death in World War One. No-one will ever question the heroism and self- sacrifice of those magnificent doomed men. But today The Express calls into question Earl Haig's right to symbolise their loss. We say that the statue should come down. It is a statement that will shock many people who regard the Field Marshal as a symbol of that famous victory so many years ago. But the modern generation of military historians believes that hundreds of thousands of soldiers died needlessly as a result of Haig's orders.

13. How far does Field Marshal Haig deserve the nickname ‘The Butcher of the Somme’? Over the course of the next three lessons, you are going to be learning about the Battle of the Somme. You will then complete a Controlled Assessment written task answering this question.

14. What are these two photos showing? Why have I put them together? What point do you think is being made? Do you think they could be used in an argument for or against Haig?

15. In December 1915 it was still stalemate on the Western Front. Neither side had made any real progress towards victory, although hundreds of the attacks had been launched by both sides and hundreds of thousands of soldiers killed. In February 1916 the Germans began yet another attack, this time on the forts around the French town of Verdun. They hoped to wear down the strength and morale of the French army. Five months and 700,000 deaths later, the French were still hanging on – but only just. The British desperately needed to relieve the pressure on the French. The British, led by Field Marshall Haig decided to begin a major attack along the River Somme. They hoped this would draw German soldiers away from Verdun. What’s more, Haig had information which suggested that the Germans were outnumbered and that their morale was low. Victory at the Somme could end the deadlock in the trenches. Source 29 If this is your evidence what is your point in relation to Haig?

17. What was the most important consequence of the Battle of the Somme? The Allies gained 12 kilometres of ground. The pressure on Verdun was eased. People at home learned the full horror of the war. The British army began to question their tactics. Here are some of the consequences of the Battle of the Somme

18. All the defeats were down to Haig – It was all Haig’s fault True False Haig embraced modern technology True False Haig cared about his troops True False Field Marshal Haig “Won the battle of Somme” True False Haig was not well enough qualified to be in charge True False Haig used good tactics True False

19. How far does Haig deserve the nickname Butcher of the Somme? Paragraph 1: Introduction Why was there a battle? What were the results Who was Haig? Which argument do you favour? How far does Haig deserve the nickname Butcher of the Somme? Paragraph 1: Introduction Why was there a battle? What were the results Who was Haig? Which argument do you favour? Paragraph 2: Why does he deserve the title “Butcher of the Somme?” Point: One reason Haig deserves the nickname “the butcher of the Somme” is because he …..….. Evidence: This is backed up by the fact that…. Explanation: This makes him deserve the nickname because….. Paragraph 2: Why does he deserve the title “Butcher of the Somme?” Point: One reason Haig deserves the nickname “the butcher of the Somme” is because he …..….. Evidence: This is backed up by the fact that…. Explanation: This makes him deserve the nickname because….. Paragraph 5: Why does he not deserve the title “Butcher of the Somme?” Point: One reason Haig does not deserve the nickname “the butcher of the Somme is because … Evidence: This is backed up by the fact that…. Explanation: This makes him a good leader because….. Paragraph 5: Why does he not deserve the title “Butcher of the Somme?” Point: One reason Haig does not deserve the nickname “the butcher of the Somme is because … Evidence: This is backed up by the fact that…. Explanation: This makes him a good leader because….. Paragraph 3: Repeat the structure of paragraph 2 Paragraph 4: Select a source that suggests Haig was the Butcher of the Somme A source that he was the butcher of the Somme is source….. This source suggests that……. This source is/is not reliable because….. (Content and NOP). It is backed up by….. Paragraph 4: Select a source that suggests Haig was the Butcher of the Somme A source that he was the butcher of the Somme is source….. This source suggests that……. This source is/is not reliable because….. (Content and NOP). It is backed up by….. Paragraph 7: Select a source that suggests Haig did not deserve the nickname A source which suggests he does not deserve the nickname is source… This source suggests that…… This source is/is not reliable because…. (Content and NOP) It could be backed up by… Paragraph 7: Select a source that suggests Haig did not deserve the nickname A source which suggests he does not deserve the nickname is source… This source suggests that…… This source is/is not reliable because…. (Content and NOP) It could be backed up by… Paragraph 6: Repeat the structure of paragraph 5 Paragraph 8: Conclusion What do you think? Try and save a really good piece of evidence that you have not yet used. This should be a really reliable piece of evidence. You can also use your own research here Paragraph 8: Conclusion What do you think? Try and save a really good piece of evidence that you have not yet used. This should be a really reliable piece of evidence. You can also use your own research here He deserves the name He does not deserve the name

20. Point: Field Marshall Haig deserves the title butcher of the Somme as he was tactically very poor Evidence: This can be backed up by the fact that he was quoted in 1926 as saying “The horse is the future. Aeroplanes and tanks only aid the man and his horse”. This is backed up by the fact that a German army commander once described the British army as ‘lions led by donkeys’. Explanation: This makes him deserve the title butcher of the Somme as he is clearly making huge mistakes and not learning from them. The first source was published 8 years after the end of the First World War where Haig should be using hindsight to re evaluate his failed tactics. The trenches and no mans land was not the environment for a horse to be successful in war. The barbed wire on No Mans Land would inflict huge damage on a horse. Finally, the source by the German general is very damming as he would have encountered Haig’s tactics directly and it was clear that they thought he was a donkey, plodding along with no brain cells causing deaths to millions of brave British troops “lions”

21. Evaluating evidence (The key to a good historian)

22. So, you know the point you want to make You have found the evidence you want to use to back it up Now you have to explain why it helps answer the question whilst judging how reliable it is

23. Can we trust all of the evidence we have used? Of course not! Once we have understood the source and made inferences from it (read between the lines) we must question whether or not the source is reliable or trustworthy. Alfie “Sorry I did not complete my homework on thingy sir, it is because my computer at home has just broken down”. Is Alfie lying? There are several ways of finding out if he is or not…… these can be found on the next slide!!!

24. Look at the Tone and Language that has been used. Is there any evidence that he has been lying? Examine the purpose and motive of the source. Why might he be saying this? Is there any other sources that back this up? What does my contextual knowledge tell me? What do I know from past experiences about Morgan?

25. Look at the Tone and Language that has been used. Is there any evidence that he has been lying? Examine the purpose and motive of the source. Why might he be saying this? Is there any other sources that back this up? What does my contextual knowledge tell me? What do I know from past experiences about Alfie? Is Alfie lying? If you can identify a way of challenging his excuse you can take the “bat away the filth” challenge

26. Look at the Tone and Language that has been used. Is there any evidence that he has been lying? Examine the purpose and motive of the source. Why might he be saying this? Is there any other sources that back this up? What does my contextual knowledge tell me? What do I know from past experiences about Fraser? “Thingy” suggest he does not even know what it was. If he doesn’t know what it is how can he have completed it? “Just” suggests he should have completed it earlier He wants to get out of a detention. Has he produced a note from his parents to back himself up? Has Morgan got a history of not handing in his PRS’ on time? There are computers in school and the LRC stays open to 4.15 to accommodate students who need to use the resources

27. Point: Field Marshall Haig deserves the title butcher of the Somme as he was tactically very poor Evidence: This can be backed up by the fact that he was quoted in 1926 as saying “The horse is the future. Aeroplanes and tanks only aid the man and his horse”. This is backed up by the fact that a German army commander once described the British army as ‘lions led by donkeys’. Explanation: This makes him deserve the title butcher of the Somme as he is clearly making huge mistakes and not learning from them. The first source was published 8 years after the end of the First World War where Haig should be using hindsight to re evaluate his failed tactics. The trenches and no mans land was not the environment for a horse to be successful in war. The barbed wire on No Mans Land would inflict huge damage on a horse. Finally, the source by the German general is very damming as he would have encountered Haig’s tactics directly and it was clear that they thought he was a donkey, plodding along with no brain cells causing deaths to millions of brave British troops “lions”

28. Evaluating your evidence: For the highest levels, some of you might try to evaluate some of the sources you use. This means you don’t just use the evidence to back up a point you have made – you go one step further and explain why that piece of evidence is useful or reliable (or not). For example, look at source 44: A cartoon from Punch magazine, published during the war You could use this cartoon as evidence that Haig and the generals were and useless. However, you might also evaluate the source, and suggest that cartoons are not reliable, that they are drawn to make fun of people and not representative of the views of a whole country.

29. Evaluating your evidence: Have a look at source 46: On face value, you could definitely use this source to help support the argument that Haig wasn’t a butcher. You could say that it shows Haig’s defence was that you can’t win a war by being defensive – you have to attack. By evaluating this source however, you can question the purpose of it. Haig was writing after the war, and was trying to justify his role in the deaths of thousands of men. He is trying to make sure that he isn’t blamed for it. Source 46 – Haig’s own explanations for his tactics, all written just after the war in 1919 “ – In the course of the struggle, losses are bound to be heavy on both sides, for in this the price of victory is paid. There is no way of avoiding this… but our total losses in this war have been no larger than were to be expected. - We attacked whenever possible, because a defensive policy involves the loss of the initiative. - The object of all war is victory and a defensive attitude can never bring this about.”

30. This homework is going to help you do well in your Controlled Assessment. You need to find four historical sources about Haig or the battle which you can use in that piece of work. What’s important is that you try to find a variety of sources. Remember, historical sources can be: newspaper articles, photographs, books, reports, diaries, political cartoons, songs... pretty much anything and everything is a historical source! You should also try to find a variety of different opinions about Haig or the battle – you will probably find it quite easy to find sources that are critical of Haig or the battle, but you need to find some that defend him or the battle, too. “Field Marshal Haig deserves the nickname The Butcher of the Somme” How far do you agree with this statement?

31. Information/ Image/ Video and where it came from How did I find this information? (Cross curricular with ICT) What does this source say/infer about Field Marshal Haig? Is there any language and tone used that gives away the authors opinion or view on Field Marshal Haig? What is the purpose and motive of the source? Does this source back up any of the other sources in the table, or how does it fit in with your contextual knowledge? How useful is this source? Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Source 4

32. Source Number (Level 4-5) What does it say/show? Does it suggest Haig deserves the nickname Butcher of the Somme? Can we trust the evidence? (Level 6-7) (Nature Origin Purpose?) Look at the tone and language, can we cross reference it with another source? Can we back it up with our own contextual knowledge?