1. EOA 202/3: American Revolution Assumptions:Technology Keys: Pressure Continental Army without destroying it and it would capitulate. Win over loyalists but do not need to defend them against Revolutionaries. Continental Army mere farmers and blacksmiths, no match for English/Hessian soldiers. Operational pause in the winter would be acceptable to political leaders and enemy. Context: Historical Context: 1763-End of 7 years war, England is in substantial debt. English taxes overwhelmed American Colonies. Tea act of 1773 forces colonies to accept overpriced tea imports from East India Company. Coercive Acts of 1774 by England intended to punish colonies which led to the First Continental Congress in 1774. Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 evidenced that the Continental Army may prove more formidable than originally expected. Though British seize the ground at Bunker Hill, Continental artillery on an adjacent hill forced the British Fleet to flee. 4 JUL 1776, Declaration of Independence signed, declaring the colonies independent of Britain Strategic Context: British King does not answer the demands of the Second Continental Congress and war is imminent. Political end of British King: Rebellion ended/American Colonial allegiance restored, use of force authorized, diplomacy forbidden. Operational approaches considered: 1. Blockade would hurt England more than Colonies-disapproved. 2. Extreme violence against colonies-disapproved. 3. Annihilation of Rebel Army (Clinton’s plan)-disapproved. 4. Spreading ink stain of support (colonies too spread out to work)-disapproved. 5. Attack LOC (Hudson River)-disapproved. 6. Support loyalists and empower them to destroy Rebellion-disapproved. Bunker Hill influenced England to believe the war may be hard-fought. England was already at war against the Maratha Empire fighting over East India and Howe’s resourced with a limited army since English forces were spread across the globe fighting in East India and protecting imperial holdings. England hired the Hessian Army for service in America. Campaign Context: Howes’ plan: Seize and occupy New York City as major base of operations by sending forces into Canada and ordering them south. Based on speed, maneuver, and decisive action. Once New York is seized, seize Rhode Island and New Jersey.

2. EOA 202: American Revolution-British Perspective Political / International Relations Considerations -Hegemonic Stability: Britain worried if the American colonies were to gain independence, that the rest of their colonies would follow suit. -Geo politics: -Size: American colonies covered a large amount of space, making it difficult to conquer all the land -Borders: large amount of borders, making it easy for Britain to invade -Location: large sea access on the east, making it easy for Britain to access America, mountains and unk to the west, Americans knew the attack would come from the east, and they could move west as needed -Trade routes: almost all were sea based, which Britain controlled, America worked to expand routes to other European powers and the Caribbean -Two-Level Game: not much, Howe’s got their instructions on what they were authorized to do (not much) and they executed based on that intent. Because of the long travel time across the Atlantic, they had to operate within the King’s intent, whether they liked it or not. -Civ-Mil Relations: the Howe brothers worked within the guidance given, they did not shirk -Asymmetrical Coercion: Britain had the best Army and Navy in the known world, committed 2/3 of their Army and 1/2 of their Navy to the colonies, expected Americans to fold pretty quick, American Leadership did not fold in the face of the coercion, fighting for survival. Colonial Independence Status Quo Taxation w/ representation American Original Win-set Tories Win-set (Domino Theory) Whig Win-set (in-twos) American Current Win-set

3. EOA 202: American Revolution-British Perspective Operational Approach (Broad Actions) Seize and occupy New York City. Move forces into Canada and attack south to seize New York Colony. Seize Rhode Island. Seize New Jersey. Terrain based approach. Commander’s Intent Purpose: Capture Hudson Valley to control New York in order to recover colonies one by one through the limited use of force. Key Tasks: Maneuver to gain constant position of advantage over Rebel Army. Isolate Rebel Army. Seize New York City as a base of operations. Secure Hudson River. Provide amnesty to Loyalists. Coerce revolutionaries. End State: English Military in a decisive position of advantage. Rebel Army isolated. New York City seized. Hudson River secured. Loyalists protected. Revolutionaries compelled to support English Crown. New York, Rhode Island, New Jersey recovered. Operational Framework Deep/Close/Security and Main Effort/Supporting Effort. Tenants of ULO Flexibility: Ability of amphibious landings to quickly adjust to different beachhead. Integration: Truly joint operation between navy and army to land army effectively and then provide naval gunfire support. Lethality: Fixing forces always capable of fixing and flanking force held the majority of forces to increase lethality against smaller forces. Naval gunfire support increased lethality. Adaptability: Coalition force well adapted to combine English and Hessian fighting tactics. Depth: Failed to achieve depth in attack since Continental Army routinely allowed to escape. Synchronization: Navy and army well synchronized. Combat Power Intel: English used spies, Loyalists, Navy vessels and expand their intelligence. M2: Amphibious assaults at all phases were well planned, supported, and executed. Throg’s Neck was the only poor landing decision. Fires: Naval gunfire proved decisive in all phases and Howe planned it into every operation. Sustainment: Logistical base was Staten Island and Howe routinely conducted tactical pauses to rest and refit his army. Staten Island was well administrated. Protection: Good selection of terrain for basing protected health. MC: Poor-Howe retained right to make decisions and disapproved most subordinate plans. Information: Outstanding information operation to ban Shrecklichkeit, provide amnesty to Loyalists, and prevent scorched earth across colonies: all intended to allow reconciliation. Leadership: Strong example of joint operations due to Howe brothers. Elements of Operational Art/Design End State: English Military in a decisive position of advantage. Rebel Army isolated. New York City seized. Hudson River secured. Loyalists protected. Revolutionaries compelled to support English Crown. New York, Rhode Island, New Jersey recovered. Conditions: Protect the populace and civilian property. Prevent decisive confrontation of force to preserve army strength (limited resource). COG: American Army, defeat the army will cause the nation to surrender, capture territory to reduce support OP Approach: See top left. Decisive Points: Capture New York City. Basing: Staten Island as logistics base. Rhode Island harbor to house fleet over the winter. LOO: Staten Island->Long Island->Manhattan->New Jersey and Rhode Island OP Reach: 2 warships secure Hudson River mouth to provide freedom of movement. Tempo: Speed critical in plan to end Rebellion quickly. Simultaneity and Depth: Simultaneous attacks from Staten Island and Canada. Culmination: Howe understood he would not receive many replacements, recognized he needed to house his navy for the winter, and generally regarded December as an operational pause for the winter. Tactical Risk: Risk aversion to over-commit forces out of fear of losing soldiers discourages subordinate commanders from exploiting opportunities. Operational Risk: Choosing not to destroy Continental Army allows the enemy to build experience, further training, and confidence in future fights. Strategic Risk: Slow and methodical appeasement of loyalists, protection of revolutionaries, and war of non-annihilation risk excessive time and consequential angering of the Crown and losing support of Loyalists. Key Concepts of Clausewitz Moral: Long Island attack intended to intimidate Continental Army through the use of violence (no quarter given, instead given the bayonet)-backfired: Rebellion grew more defiant and resolute. Physical: Continental Army was losing will to fight, wrestler was losing and ready to give up (3 colonies fell and winter was upon army) Mathematical: Siege of Fort Washington Geographical: Use of rivers, river bluffs, heights, and water current were all concerns. Hubris: Hessians consistently undervalued fighting ability of the Continental Soldier, British slowly realized Continental Army’s effectiveness. British leaders believed they were superior and failed to identify determination of Continental leaders. Key Concepts of other Theorists Kalyvas-Extreme and indiscriminate violence (Operational approach considered by England). Schmitt-Difference between partisans on defense and offense.

4. EOA 202: American Revolution-British Perspective Phasing:Timeline: 29 June 1776-Amphibious Operation to occupy positions on Staten Island 27 August 1776-Battle of Long Island 14-15 September 1776-Kip’s Bay Assault 16 November 1776-Attack on Fort Washington 24 November 1776-Attack on Rhode Island November-December 1776-Pursuit of Rebel Army across New Jersey 1: Seize and occupy foothold and logistics base on Staten Island. 2: Secure foothold on New York side of Hudson River at Long Island. 3: Secure New York. 4. Secure Hudson River. 5. Secure Rhode Island. 6. Secure New Jersey. Geographic Keys: Heights Hudson River New Jersey side river bluff Northeast Manhattan beaches

5. EOA 202: American Revolution-British Perspective