1. Metallics  Definitions  Importance (ages)  General Properties  Advantages  Disadvantages  Quotations are from: Jacobs, James A. and Thomas F. Kilduff. (2005). Engineering materials technology, 5 th Edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

2. Types  Base metal  elements  e.g., copper, aluminum, zinc, mercury  Alloy  combinations  e.g., steel, bronze, brass, solder

3. Types  Ferrous  contains iron  ferromagnetic  e.g., wrought iron, steel, cast iron  Non-ferrous  does not contain iron  e.g., aluminum, brass, nickel

4. Crystalline structure  work hardening  hot rolling vs. cold rolling  recrystallization temperature

5. FIGURE 5-4 Some work-hardening (cold-working) processes. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

6. FIGURE 5-4 Some work-hardening (cold-working) processes. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

7. Phase  “a homogeneous part or aggregation of material that differs from another part due to difference in structure, composition, or both”

8. Iron’s crystal lattices  body-centered cubic  face-center cubic  phases Alpha: α  Gamma: γ  Delta: δ  (capturing carbon)  (grains in metals)

9. FIGURE 3-54 Allotropic forms of iron (three phases: bcc, fcc, bcc). James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

10. FIGURE 3-23 A body-centered cubic unit cell. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

11. FIGURE 3-24 A face-centered cubic unit cell. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

12. FIGURE 3-25 A body-centered tetragonal crystal lattice unit cell. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

13. FIGURE 3-26 (a) A hexagonal crystal lattice unit cell. (b) Top plane of unit cell showing six equilateral triangles James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

14. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

15. FIGURE 3-54 Allotropic forms of iron (three phases: bcc, fcc, bcc). James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

16. FIGURE 5-5 (a) Simplified iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. (United State Steel Corporation) James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

17. FIGURE 3-1 Stages of a metal cooling through equilibrium: first nucleates, then forms dendrites, and finally cools into a crystalline solid of many metal grains. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

18. Hardening metallics  hardenable vs. non-hardenable  getting carbon into steel  homogenous  surface only (case-hardening)  heat treating  chemical treatments  mechanical (work hardening)

19. Typical heat treating  Annealing  Quenching  Tempering

20. FIGURE 5-22 (b) Hardenability plot of hardness (Rockwell C-scale) versus distance from quenched end of specimen. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

21. Ferrous metallics  Contain a large proportion of iron (Fe).  Magnets attract iron.  Iron rusts or oxidizes.  Ferrous materials usually spark when ground.  Trends

22. Adding Carbon to Iron  1% carbon = 100 points  solid solutions  super-saturation  phases and heat treating

23. Iron and Iron-Carbon Alloys  Wrought iron: 0 to 0.000 8% carbon.  Carbon Steel:.0008 to 2.0 % carbon.  Low Carbon Steel: less than 0.30 % carbon.  Medium Carbon Steel: 0.30 to 0.60 % carbon.  High Carbon Steel: 0.60 to 1.50 (2) % carbon.  Cast iron: 2.0 to 4.0 or 5.0 % carbon.

24. FIGURE 5-30 Gray cast iron. (a) The low-magnification photomicrograph at left illustrates the graphite distribution, type, and size. At 1000x (at right), the pearlite colonies and small ferrite grains adjacent to the graphite flakes are clearly distinguishable. The large, round gray particles are manganese-sulfide inclusions. The surface of the specimen contains products of transformation of a faster cooling rate. (Buehler Ltd.) James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

25. FIGURE 3-36 A face plane of an fcc unit cell for iron showing a carbon atom located in an interstice James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

26. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

27. FIGURE 5-33 (a) SAE-AISI steel designation. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

28. Tool steels  are engineered to be dense and tough and are good for making cutting tools.

29. High Speed Steels  (HSS)  can retain their hardness at elevated temperatures (i.e., they have "red hardness.")

30. Stainless steel  has at least 10.5 % chromium  resists oxidation (or rusting)  aka: CRES: Corrosion Resistant Steel  is often tougher, harder and more difficult to work.

31. High-strength low-alloy steel  (HSLA)  has relatively high strength but low weight.

32. Galvanized steel  has been coated with zinc to protect against oxidation.

33. FIGURE 5-28 A flowline of steelmaking. (American Iron and Steel Institute) James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

34. FIGURE 5-28 (continued) A flowline of steelmaking. (American Iron and Steel Institute) James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

35. (Some) Non-ferrous metallics

36. Aluminum  (Al)  Bauxite is aluminum ore.  Lightweight and strong, especially when alloyed.

37. FIGURE 5-37 Making aluminum (Adapted from the Aluminum Association flowcharts) James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

38. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

39. FIGURE 5-40 Aluminum Association number system. (a) wrought alloys, (b) casting alloys, (c) tempers designation system. James A. Jacobs & Thomas F. Kilduff Engineering Materials Technology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

40. Copper  (Cu)  Good electrical conductor.  Reddish brown, oxides to a green color.

41. Nickel  (Ni)  Usu. adds strength and corrosion resistance in alloys.

42. Magnesium  (Mg)  very lightweight, highly flammable.

43. Zinc  (Zn)  used in galvanizing steel to inhibit oxidation.

44. Tin  (Sn)  often used as an alloying agent.

45. Lead  (Pb)  dense  toxic  used in batteries and paints.

46. Brass  an alloy chiefly of copper and zinc.

47. Bronze  an alloy chiefly of copper and tin.

48. Pewter  Modern pewter is an alloy of 91% tin, 1.5% copper and 7.5% antimony.  Old pewter may contain lead.