1. Classification: Organization rules…

2. There are well over 2 million different types of organisms known. Why is there a need to Classify organisms?

3. The activity that involves grouping and naming organisms is called classification. The branch of Biology that involves the classification of organisms is called Taxonomy.

4. Early classification: 4 th century BC: Aristotle observed and grouped over 500 different animals. He divided organisms into two groups: Plants and Animals

5. All organisms were placed into one of two groups.

6. Aristotle classified animals on the basis of where they lived. air - air - land - sea

8. Plants were classified on the basis of structure and size. -They were put into 3 categories: -herbs -shrubs -trees

9. John Ray (1627 – 1705) He decided that organisms should be named as well as classified.

10. He referred to organisms with the same characteristics and the same kind of parents as belonging to the same species.

11. But, with the increase in travel and the invention of the microscope… Needed a more efficient, effective system to deal with the increase in information

12. Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) He was a Swedish botanist and made the greatest contribution to taxonomy.

13. Carl Linnaeus Founder of modern Taxonomy Born in Sweden Studied at many universities Made 4600km expedition to Lapland, where he identified 100 botanical species In 1735, he published Systema Naturae; his classification of plants was based on their sexual parts 1707-1778

14. He decided that organisms should be grouped according to similarities in body structure.

15. Linnaeus introduced a two-part system to name and classify organisms: binomial nomenclature

16. Each organism is given a two-word Latin name (or in a Latin style), as Latin is not commonly used today.

17. For example The name for man (human) is: Homo sapiens

18. Linnaeus divided all living things into kingdoms. In his day, Linnaeus knew of only two kingdoms, plants and animals. Today we have five kingdoms.

19. Today’s Classification Schemes Today Taxonomists use a variety of information to classify or group organisms.

20. Structural Biochemical Cytological Information (the study of cells) Embryological Information Behavioral

21. The 5 Kingdom System Of Classification All Living things on earth can be placed in one of 5 groups known as Kingdoms

22. 5 Kingdom Classification

23. Kingdom Monera Unicellular Prokaryotic may be photosynthetic, chemosynthetic (the synthesis of organic molecules from chemical reactions), or feed by absorption.

24. Bacteria are common monerans

25. Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular Eukaryotic may be photosynthetic, may feed by absorption, or may ingest food.

26. Protists

27. Kingdom Fungi Most multicellular although some are unicellular. Eukaryotic cell structure Absorptive Heterotrophs Non Motile

28. Fungi

29. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic Non Motile

30. Plants

31. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic Ingestive Heterotrophs Motile Nervous system present

32. Animals

33. Classification Categories Within any Kingdom there are many levels of classification.

34. Today, these seven categories classify each type of organism: Each category is called a taxon (7 taxa in all): Kingdom ( most general) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (most specific)

36. Examples: KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata Arthropoda ClassMammalia Insecta OrderPrimates Diptera FamilyHominidaePongidaeMuscidae GenusHomoPanMusca speciessapienstroglodytedomestica

37. Keep in mind: Classification systems are artificial. They are developed by scientists to deal with the great diversity of life! Scientists continue to update classification schemes as more DNA evidence is collected and analyzed.

38. Section 9.1 Questions

39. 1 ST ADVANTAGES OF TAXONOMY: There are well over 2 million different types of organisms known. Classifying organisms results in order.Classifying organisms results in order.

40. Advantage 2: Binomial Nomenclature indicates similarities between organisms. Example: Genus: Ursus, meaning bear U. maritimus U. americanus U. horribilis

41. How do we determine relationships between organisms? With the theory of evolution, we now classify organisms according to ancestry. Organisms with common ancestors are more closely related (grouped together)

42. Factors Considered By Taxonomists When Classifying Organisms 1.Structural similiarities eg. number of limbs, body covering, number of heart chambers, etc.

43. 2.Cellular organization: some cells have a nucleus (eukaryotic) others do not (prokaryotic).

44. Similarities in biochemistry: 3. Similarities in biochemistry: eg. closely related organisms may form the same organic compounds (chlorophyll, composition of blood, etc.)

45. Genetic similarities: 4. Genetic similarities: the greater the similarity of DNA (genes), the more closely related the organisms are.

46. Ailuropoda melanoleuca Phascolarctus cinereus not bears at all…

47. Advantage 3: Common names can be confusing and misleading. Examples: A starfish is not a fish Echinodermata (Spiny-skinned Tide Pool Creatures) Pisaster brevenspinus Ringworm is not a worm It’s a skin infection caused by fungus

48. Even within the same language, people use many words to name the same organism depending on where they live. Example: puma = cougar = mountain lion = panther Felis concolor

49. The major taxons in order from general to specific: Kingdom: plural is Phylum: plural is Class: plural is Order: plural is Family: plural is Genus: plural is Species: plural is KingdomsPhylaClassesOrdersFamiliesGeneraSpecies

50. What is the relationship between Biodiversity and how it effects you?

51. THE END