1. Immigration & Urbanization (1877-1900) Mr. Conway

2. Objective  5.01 – Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life.

3. Key Terms Elevator Electric Trolleys Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Jane Addams Settlement Houses Hull House Culture Shock Graft & Fraud “Boss” Tweed Skyscraper Dumbbell Tenements Chinese Exclusion Act Sweatshops Amusement Parks Spectator Sports Frederick Law Olmstead Melting Pot Salad Bowl Cultural Pluralism Nativism

4. Immigration & Urbanization

5. Statue of Liberty, 1886

6. The New Colossus Torch  Light & hope Seven Spires  “Seven Seas” Stone Tablet  July IV MDCCLXXVI Ground to Torch: 305’ 1” Libertas: The Roman Goddess of Freedom Colossus of Rhodes: Greek titan, Helious

7. The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" —Emma Lazarus, 1883

8. Immigration Today

9. Theories of Culture Melting Pot Assimilation Salad Bowl Pluralism

10. The New Immigrants Angel Island Asian immigrants Ellis Island European Immigrants

11. Immigrants checked for communicable diseases & head lice

12. Chinatown  San Francisco  Los Angeles  New York City

13. Hester Street

14. “Little Italy”

15. Jane Addams  Settlement houses  English to immigrants  Social Services to poor  Art & dance lessons; economic development  Started kindergartens  Hull House, Chicago

16. Hull House

17. The Lives of Immigrants

18. New Urban Environments  Tenements  Skyscrapers  Mass Transit

19. Mass Transit  Allows middle class to move to the suburbs  Leaves only poor, working class in inner city.  Creates the American ghetto.

20. Dumbbell Tenement

21. Tenements  One or more families living in a small apartment  Poor sanitation & ventilation

22. Tenements

24. City life…

25. Sweatshops  Urban factories with poor wages & working conditions

26. Child Labor  Families need extra income  No one home to watch the kids  No child labor laws

27. Child Labor  Factories want small hands and small bodies to fix their machines.

28. Urban Problems Crime Pickpockets, swindlers and thieves Violence 1880-1900 murder rate up 25 per million people to 100 per million people per year Fire, disease, & pollution (soot & ash) Improper sewage disposal triggered epidemics of typhoid fever and cholera.

29. Muckrakers  Muck rake : n. A rake used for muck or dung.  Muckraker: n. Someone who searches for and exposes alleged or real corruption, scandal & the like, especially in politics.

30. Jacob Riis  How the Other Half Lives (1890)  Described the working and living conditions of immigrants

31. How the Other Half Lives

32. Labor Stirrings “Eight hours for work, Eight hours for rest, Eight hours for what we will.”

33. Social Separation by Class  High Society  Middle Class Gentry  Working Class

34. Early Labor Unions Knights of Labor Founded by Uriah Smith Stephens Sought to organize ALL workers and focused on broad social reforms American Federation of Labor Founded by Samuel Gompers Organized skilled workers. Made small demands rather than seeking broad changes.

35. Urban Politics  The Political Machine- informal political group designed to gain & keep power  Party Bosses- Ran political machines which eagerly provided jobs, housing, food, heat, & police protection for new city dwellers in exchange for votes.  William M. “Boss” Tweed” –Famous political boss of NY City’s Tammany Hall during 1860’s & 1870’s.

36. Graft & Fraud  Party bosses who fan political machines also controlled city finances  Political bosses grew rich by fraud or graft which is getting money through dishonest or questionable means.  “Honest graft” a politician discovers where a new park will be built and buys the land ahead of time to make a profit.  Outright fraud – accepting bribes for city contracts.

37. “Gotham” New York City

38. Skyscrapers Offices for corporations Symbols of the corporations themselves Architects Function Aesthetics ******************************************* Made possible by the Bessemer Process which makes lightweight steel from purified iron. Elisha Otis: Invents the safety elevator

39. Early Skyscrapers

40. Electric Trolleys

41. Brooklyn Bridge John A. Roebling, architect

42. Grand Central Station

43. “America’s Second City” Chicago

44. Railway Exchange & Central YMCA

45. Bayard Building

46. Transportation Building

47. Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store

48. Sports & Leisure

49. Frederick Law Olmstead  Public Parks  Central Park, NY  Prospect Park, NY  Niagara Reservation

50. Central Park, NY

51. Central Park Today

52. The National Pastime

53. Boxing & College Football

54. Country Clubs

55. GOLF GOLF G entlemen O nly L adies F orbidden Country Clubs Formed

56. Coney Island, NY

57. Bicycles

58. 1. What was the Gilded Age? 2. Realism…what was it? a. realistic writers b. realistic artists 3. Popular Culture a. saloons b. amusement parks c. sports d. vaudeville e. ragtime