1. During the last quarter of the 19 th century, the US would experience tremendous economic growth, westward expansion, and immigration. Although some Americans became rich and lived the American dream, most struggled with great poverty. This economic expansion was encouraged and supported by Republican majorities in Congress.

2.  1893 - Frederick Jackson Turner - The Significance of the Frontier in American History, 1900 - 45 States  Reasons for westward expansion:  Individual Incentives:  Safety Valve: Ranching, Mining, Farming (Great Plains)  Image of Frontier: Rocky Mountain School, Wild West Shows Literature – Mark Twain, The Virginian  Government Support:  Land Acts - Homestead Act, Timber Act, Desert Land Act, Timber and Stone Act  Railroad Subsidies - 130 mil. acres of land, additional 50 mil. acres from states Standard time zones and tracks 1869 - Transcontinental Railroad, 1900 - 200,000 miles of tracks  Native American Policy  Immigration Policy

3.  Demand for land – Technological Advances – Railroads, Barbed-Wire, Farming, Ranching, Mining  Plains Indians – Buffalo (1865 – 15 mil, 1875 – 1000)  Government Policy:  Concentration Policy – 1851, Reservation Policy – 1867  Native American Wars Sioux Indians – Dakota Reservation and Gold Mines Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull – 1875 – Battle of Little Big Horn – General George Custer – Round-up and return Revival Movement – Ghost Dance Massacre at Wounded Knee – 1890 - 300  Bounties and Indian Hunting  Dawes Severalty Act - 1887

4.  In the last quarter of the 19 th Century, the US economy increased tremendously. By 1900, the US was one of the leading industrial economies in the world.  Causes of Industrial Growth: 1. Technological Advancements - Transportation – Railroads, Internal Combustion Engine - Airplane (1903) and Automobile (1896) - Communication – Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell – 1876 - Electricity – Edison and Westinghouse - Mining and Processing Resources – Bessemer Process and Steel, Oil Refinery - Advancements in Farming and Ranching 2. New Business Methods - Assembly Line – Unskilled Labor - Corporations – Limited Liability – Big Business - Research and Development - Monopolies and Trusts – Eliminate Competition - Horizontal and Vertical Integration – Carnegie and Rockefeller – Laissez Faire 3. Government Support of Business - Republican control – Tariffs, Land Grants, National Banking System and Monetary supply - Open Immigration Policy - Corruption and bribery – Labor Unions and Strikes

5. Evaluate the extent to which Reconstruction (1864- 1876) marked a turning point in the in the United States, analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the war to the period after it.

7. 1865- 1920 – 30 Million Total Immigrants European: - 1840-1890 – Old Immigration (Irish, German, English) - 1890-1920 – New Immigration (Southern and Eastern Europe) Chinese, Japanese, and Mexican Immigration Reasons for Immigration – Poverty and Oppression in Europe, Job opportunities, Labor Contract Laws, American Dream Settlement in the United States – Cities of Northeast, Northwest, and West Coast – Ethnic Neighborhoods Nativism – American Protective Association (500,000) - Immigration Restriction League – desirables v. undesirables - Anti-Coolie Clubs

14. Why? Government Actions: - 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882 – Convicts, Paupers, Mentally Ill banned - $.50 tax on immigrants - 1885 – Outlawed Contract Labor Laws - 1907 – Gentleman’s Agreement - Ellis Island and Angel Island Why did the federal government not place greater restrictions on immigration?

15. 1920 - > 50% of Americans live in Urban areas - New York = 3 million, Chicago = 1 Million Rural Women, Southern Black Americans, Immigrants Urban Planning and Construction – - City Beautiful Movement and Urban Planning – ‘Great White City’ - Public Space – Parks, Museums, Libraries, Theaters, etc. -Transportation – Streets, Railroads, Subways - Skyscrapers - Housing – Tenements -Sewage Systems and Waste Management - Fire and Police Departments

17. Entertainment and Leisure - “eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, and eight hours for what we will” -Saloons - Moving Pictures – Peep Shows, Nickelodeons, Great Train Robbery - Theater – Vaudeville - Sports – Baseball, Football, Boxing, Gambling - Trolley Parks - Newspapers and Yellow Journalism, William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer - Books and Magazines

19. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (146)

20. Knights of Labor (1869) – Terence Powderly -’All who toiled’ - overhaul of economic system – political action – radicals? - Strikes and Boycotts to pressure employers American Federation of Labor – (1886) – Samuel Gompers - skilled workers– ‘pure and simple unionism’, ‘bread and butter’ - work within the system – strikes and negotiations Molly Maguires – (1860s and 1870s) - coal miners in Western Pennsylvania - kidnapping, arson, and acts of terror Socialist Party of America– Eugene V Debs (1901) - collective ownership through political action - 1912- 1 mil votes, 1000s local offices Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)–William Haywood (1905) - all workers organize as a working class – overthrow ‘wage slave’ system - no political action – general strikes and acts of terror

21.  What did all of the strikes have in common?  Why did all of the strikes of this era fail?

22.  Farmers  3 D’s = Debt, Drought, Deflation  Overproduction, Abuses of Railroads and Monopolies, Tariffs, Drought in the 1880s, Deflation  The Grange – Granger Laws, Wabash Case  Farmers Alliance  Urban America  Crime, Poverty, Tenements and Living Conditions  Social Gospel Movement – Salvation Army  Settlement Movement – Jane Addams, Hull House  Temperance – WCTU -Frances Willard – 19 States  African Americans  Jim Crow Laws, Voting Restrictions, KKK  Booker T. Washington – Tuskegee Institute  W.E.B. Dubois - NAACP  Women  NAWSA – Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton  Rochester, NY – 1872 – Civil Disobedience

23.  Local and State Governments  Political Machines and Political Bosses  Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed  Graft and Corruption – No Secret Ballots

24.  Forgettable Presidents  Patronage and Political Parties  Senate and Corruption  Government Support of Business (Laissez Faire) – Republican Control – Immigration, Strike Breaking, Land Grants, Tariffs  Sherman Antitrust Act and Interstate Commerce Commission  Supreme Court – Wabash Case, US v. EC Knight and Co. (1895)  Overall, government at all levels in the United States did not respond to the demands for change. Mostly this was because of corruption during the Gilded Age. At the turn of the century, a new idea in politics would emerge making government more responsive to the needs of the people. This movement is called Progressivism.