2. Argument: What you don’t know already

3. Works Cited Page Murphy, Barbara L & Estelle Rankin. 5 Steps to a 5 AP English Language. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

4. Induction DEFINITION: forming a generalization from a set of specific examples. EXAMPLE: Margo has 17 stuffed teddy bears, 3 stuffed cows, 11 monkeys, 4 camels, and 6 stuffed elephants Margo loves to collect stuffed animals

5. Deduction DEFINITION: Reaching a probable conclusion based on given premises (a proposition that is proven or taken for granted). Example: All high school seniors at this high school must write a research paper. Sean is a senior at this high school. Sean must write a research paper.

6. Deduction uses “syllogism” Major premise:All A are C.“All lions are cats” Minor premise:B is A.“Leonard is a lion.” Conclusion:Therefore, B is C “Leonard is a cat”

7. You could also say, “Because Leonard is a lion, he is a cat.” In this instance, you have suppressed one of the premises You are confident that most people would agree that all lions are cats and can feel confident about leaving out the premise BUT BE CAREFUL…

8. Logical fallacies are sometimes the result of leaving out or assuming that all believe a premise to be true. Are mistakes in reasoning Refer back to worksheet and quiz on logical fallacies

9. Possible problems with induction The generalization covers many unobserved persons, objects, etc. If the conclusion begins with ALL, any exception would invalidate the generalization Cited facts are incorrect Assumed connections are incorrect Assumption is a conclusion NOT supported by the evidence

10. Practice with induction Television network USBC’s drama series won this year’s Emmy for Best Dramatic Series. USBC won the Emmy for Best Comedy Series. USBC won the Emmy for Best Talk Show. Therefore, ______________________

11. Were there any weaknesses in your conclusion? See if you can spot and explain the error in this conclusion: The 43 rd U.S. President is a Yale graduate The 42 nd U.S. President was a Yale Law School Graduate The 41 st U.S. President was a Yale graduate. The last seven presidents were college graduates Therefore, the President of the U.S. must have a college degree.

12. Problems with Deduction Not all of the given A falls into the given B category. There are exceptions. The given category B is incorrect The second statement is NOT true or is incorrect. The truth of the third statement is in question

13. Practice with Deduction Some Japanese cars are made in the U.S. Toyota is a Japanese car. Therefore, all Toyotas are made in the U.S. Can you spot the error?

14. More practice with deduction: No eagles are flamingos All flamingos are birds Therefore, no eagles are birds. What about the error here?

15. Problems with analogies: Accepting the totality of the analogy by never questioning that there are differences between the items being compared that could invalidate the argument or conclusion Exaggerating the similarities

16. Practice with analogies: Are there any mistakes in the following analogies? Both the doctor and teacher must have special knowledge. People select their own doctors; therefore, people should be allowed to pick their own teachers. Both 2 year olds and 10 year olds have 2 legs, 2 eyes, etc. 10 year olds can read and write. Therefore, 2 year olds should be able to read and write.

17. The prewriting process 1.Reread the prompt 2.Take a position 3.Know your topic 4.Thesis statement in first paragraph: “I agree”, “I disagree”, etc.

18. 5. Know how you plan to develop the essay : personal anecdote specific examples stats and facts 6. Know how will you develop your evidence 7. Inductive or deductive technique? 8. How will you end your argument? 1. Strong image 2. Idea of the future 3. Personal anecdote

19. Use this knowledge when writing, analyzing or developing arguments GOOD LUCK!