1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH ECON 317 ACADEMIC YEAR 2015/16 FIRST SEMESTER Instructor: Dr. Emmanuel A. CODJOE

2. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW A quick tour of the course outline Other house-keeping issues What is to be expected? And what not to expect?

3. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Why a course in development economics or is it rather economic development? The nature of development of economics The general problem of development in the developing world

4. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW How the Other Half Live The Haves and Have-Nots! The challenge of poverty and what to do about it! Majority of the world’s population live in poverty, with a significant proportion living in Absolute Poverty. Absolute poverty refers to the situation of being unable to meet the minimum levels of income, food, clothing, healthcare, shelter, and other essentials

5. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW A world of two halves – rich and poor What is poverty like? In their own words: When one is poor, she has no say in public, she feels inferior. She has no food, so there is famine in her house; no clothing, and no progress in her family. —A poor woman from Uganda For a poor person everything is terrible—illness, humiliation, shame. We are cripples; we are afraid of everything; we depend on everyone. No one needs us. We are like garbage that everyone wants to get rid of. —A blind woman from Tiraspol, Moldova Life in the area is so precarious that the youth and every able person have to migrate to the towns or join the army at the war front in order to escape the hazards of hunger escalating over here. —Participant in a discussion group in rural Ethiopia

6. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW POVERTY AND ITS MANY DIMENSIONS  INCOME, BUT NOT JUST ABOUT INCOME  FOOD AND SHELTER  HEALTH AND EDUCATION  RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION  FREEDOM AND EMPOWERMENT

7. A World of Two Halves

9. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW FIG. 1: WORLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION

10. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Progress on World Poverty (World Bank, 2015) According to the most recent estimates, in 2011, 17 percent of people in the developing world lived at or below $1.25 a day. That’s down from 43 percent in 1990 and 52 percent in 1981. This means that, in 2011, just over one billion people lived on less than $1.25 a day, compared with 1.91 billion in 1990, and 1.93 billion in 1981.

11. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Progress on World Poverty (World Bank, 2015) Nevertheless, progress has been slower at higher poverty lines. In all, 2.2 billion people lived on less than US $2 a day in 2011, the average poverty line in developing countries and another common measurement of deep deprivation. That is only a slight decline from 2.59 billion in 1981.

12. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Progress on Poverty by Regions (World Bank, 2015) Despite the picture painted earlier - where poverty rates have declined in all regions - progress has been uneven. East Asia saw the most dramatic reduction in extreme poverty, from 78 percent in 1981 to 8 percent in 2011. In South Asia, the share of the population living in extreme poverty is now the lowest since 1981, dropping from 61 percent in 1981 to 25 percent in 2011. Sub-Saharan Africa reduced its extreme poverty rate from 53 percent in 1981 to 47 percent in 2011.

13. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Progress on Poverty by Regions (World Bank, 2015) China alone accounted for most of the decline in extreme poverty over the past three decades. Between 1981 and 2011, 753 million people moved above the $1.25-a-day threshold. During the same time, the developing world as a whole saw a reduction in poverty of 942 million.

14. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Progress on Poverty by Regions (World Bank, 2015) In 2011, just over 80 percent of the extremely poor lived in South Asia (399 million) and Sub- Saharan Africa (415 million). In addition, 161 million lived in East Asia and Pacific. Fewer than 50 million of the extremely poor lived in Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia combined.

15. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Regional Indicators for Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (current US$)  $1,559 (2012) $1,624 (2013) GDP growth (annual %)  4.3% (2012) 4.2% (2013) Population, total (millions)  506.9 (1990) 936.1 (2013) Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)  56.5% (1990) 48.5% (2010)

16. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economics and Development Studies The study of economic development is one of the newest, most exciting, and most challenging branches of the broader disciplines of economics and political economy. It is concerned with the systematic study of the problems of the developing world – Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Pacific region. Traditional economics is concerned primarily with the efficient, least-cost allocation of scarce productive resources and with the optimal growth of these resources over time so as to produce an ever- expanding range of goods and services.

17. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economics and Development Studies Political economy goes beyond traditional economics to study, among other things, the social and institutional processes through which certain groups of economic and political elites influence the allocation of scarce productive resources now and in the future, either for their own benefit exclusively or for that of the larger population as well. It is therefore concerned with the relationship between politics and economics, with a special emphasis on the role of power in economic decision making.

18. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economics and Development Studies But Development Economics has a much greater scope. In addition to being concerned with the efficient allocation of existing scarce (or idle) productive resources and with their sustained growth over time, it must also deal with the economic, social, political, and institutional mechanisms, both public and private, necessary to bring about rapid (at least by historical standards) and large-scale improvements in levels of living for the peoples of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the formerly socialist transition economies – Eastern European countries.

19. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economics and Development Studies But developing countries are a non-homogeneous group. Here are a few characteristics of developing countries: Non-homogeneous group of countries faced with complex social, political and economic problems Most commodity and resource markets are highly imperfect Consumers and producers have limited information Existence of multiple equilibria, rather than single equilibrium Disequilibrium situations also prevail (that is, prices do not always equate demand and supply) Prevalence of social, cultural and political norms and attitudes

20. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economics and Development Studies Because of the heterogeneity of the developing world and the complexity of the development process, development economics must be eclectic, attempting to combine relevant concepts and theories from traditional economic analysis with new models and broader multidisciplinary approaches derived from studying the historical and contemporary development experience of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

21. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economics and Development Studies The Important Role of Values: Because of the nature of the discipline of economics – concerned with human beings and the social systems by which they organize their activities to satisfy basic material needs (e.g., food, shelter, clothing) and nonmaterial wants (e.g., education, knowledge, spiritual fulfillment). It is necessary to recognize from the outset that ethical or normative value premises about what is or is not desirable are central features of the economic discipline in general and of development economics in particular

22. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economies as Social Systems: Going Beyond Simple Economics We have seen earlier, the need for economics to embrace a broader perspective on development. This raises the need for development issues to be analyzed within the context of the overall social system of a country and, indeed, within an international, global context as well. By “social system,” we mean the interdependent relationships between economic and noneconomic factors.

23. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economies as Social Systems: Going Beyond Simple Economics Social Systems include: Attitudes toward life, work, and authority; Public and private bureaucratic, legal, and administrative structures; Patterns of kinship and religion; Cultural traditions; Systems of land tenure; The authority and integrity of government agencies; The degree of popular participation in development decisions and activities; and The flexibility or rigidity of economic and social classes

24. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Economies as Social Systems: Going Beyond Simple Economics Moreover we need to expand the context outside that of the country, to include the international/regional context: Thus, at the international level, we must also consider the organization and rules of conduct of the global economy—how they were formulated, who controls them, and who benefits most from them. This is especially true today with the spread of market economies and the rapid globalization of trade, finance, corporate boundaries, technology, intellectual property, and labour migration.

25. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW What do We Mean by Development? This term can mean different things to different people. However, having an acceptable measure allows for a proper measurement of progress (or otherwise). In strictly economic terms, development has traditionally meant achieving sustained rates of growth of income per capita to enable a nation to expand its output at a rate faster than the growth rate of its population. Economic development in the past has also been typically seen in terms of the planned alteration of the structure of production and employment so that agriculture’s share of both declines and that of the manufacturing and service industries increases.

26. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW What do We Mean by Development? Going beyond the narrow definition of development. The experience of many developing countries in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s suggested that whilst GDP growth could be attained, poverty, inequality, unemployment and discrimination. Development must therefore be conceived of as a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty.

27. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW What do We Mean by Development? Sen’s Capabilities Approach. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen argued that “economic growth cannot be sensibly treated as an end in itself. Development has to be more concerned with enhancing the lives we lead and the freedoms we enjoy”. He used the concept of capabilities, which is largely defined as the freedoms that people have, given their personal features and their command over commodities.

28. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW What do We Mean by Development? Sen’s Capabilities Approach. Amartya Sen himself defines capabilities as “the freedom that a person has in terms of the choice of functionings, given his personal features (conversion of characteristics into functionings) and his command over commodities.” Functionings, refers to what a person does (or can do) with the commodities of given characteristics that they come to possess or control.

29. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Some Key Capabilities Some Important “Beings” and “Doings” in Capability to Function : ◦ Being able to live long ◦ Being well-nourished ◦ Being healthy ◦ Being literate ◦ Being well-clothed ◦ Being mobile ◦ Being able to take part in the life of the community ◦ Being happy – as a state of being - may be valued as a functioning

30. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ◦ Eight goals adopted by the United Nations in 2000 to be achieved by 2015.  Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger  Achieve universal primary education  Promote gender equality and empower women  Reduce child mortality  Improve maternal health  Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases  Ensure environmental sustainability  Develop a global partnership for development

31. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a proposed set of targets relating to future international development. They are to replace the MDGs once they expire at the end of 2015. 17 goals have been proposed: End poverty in all its forms everywhere End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

32. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Reduce inequality within and among countries Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

33. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development