1. The Scientific Revolution Nov 18 th, 2010

2. Sci Beliefs USED to be based on The Bible Aristotle – –Greatest Ancient Philosopher – –Physics Ptolemy – –Ancient Philosopher – –Geo-centric theory

3. Causes

4. Brought on By Medieval universities Leading universities established new knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, & physics

5. The Renaissance Important to understand the world around you Stimulated science by rediscovering ancient mathematics. Studia Humanitas

6. Exploration/Navigation Navigational problems on sea voyages in the age of overseas expansion created a need for scientific advances

7. Sci Rev MedievalUniversitiesRenaissance Age of Exploration

8. Scientific Revolution: 16 th Century

10. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) During the time of the Reformation During the time of the Reformation On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres 1543 – –Begins the Scientific Revolution

11. Heliocentric View Argued the earth revolved around the Sun & that the sun was the center of the universe Seemed to challenge the Bible’s Book of Genesis (not his intention to challenge the church) that put forth a geocentric view

12. Religion’s Reaction Luther & Calvin condemned his theory because it went against the bible Luther & Calvin condemned his theory because it went against the bible Cath Church Cath Church –Initially, not that mad (lots of beliefs not in bible) – –Later, the Catholic Church proclaimed the Copernican theory as false & persecuted those who advanced his views (e.g. Galileo)

13. Tyco Brahe (1546–1601) Astronomer Astronomer

14. Built the best observatory in Europe & collected massive data on his observations of the universe His data later proved Copernicus’ theory Ironically, Brahe did not accept the Copernican theory;

15. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Brahe’s Assistant Brahe’s Assistant During the time of Religious Wars During the time of Religious Wars Mathematically proved the Copernican theory Laws of Planetary Motion

16. Developed 3 laws of planetary motion: – –Orbits of planets are elliptical – –Planets do not move at uniform speed while in their orbits – –The time it takes for a planet to orbit the sun is directly based on its distance from the sun.

18. Sci Rev: 17 th Century

19. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) During the Counter Reformation During the Counter Reformation Laws of Motion Laws of Motion

20. The laws of motion – –All falling objects descend w/ equal velocity regardless of their weight – –Law of inertia: an object that is in motion remains in motion until it is stopped by some external force

22. Validated Copernicus’ heliocentric view w/ the aid of a telescope Galileo was the 1st to use the telescope as a scientific instrument; built one himself

23. Galileo’s findings became controversial in Catholic countries His views were largely supported in Protestant northern Europe where reformers had questioned Catholic doctrines

24. Catholic Church in 1616 declared Copernican theory to be heresy – –1633 - Pope Urban VII forced Galileo to retract his support of the Copernican theory – –He remained under house arrest for the rest of his life

25. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Father of Empiricism (data collection to reach a scientific conclusion) & experimentation in science Father of Empiricism (data collection to reach a scientific conclusion) & experimentation in science

26. Bacon’s Inductive Method Bottom-Up Approach Bottom-Up Approach

27. Bacon’s Inductive Method 1 st - Specific Observations 1 st - Specific Observations 2 nd - Come up w/ a hypothesis 3 rd - Test 4 th - Establish a Conclusion/Theory

28. Attacked scholastic adherence to intellectual authorities of the past Attacked scholastic adherence to intellectual authorities of the past One of the 1st European writers to champion innovation & change as goals contributing to human improvement One of the 1st European writers to champion innovation & change as goals contributing to human improvement

29. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) “I think; therefore, I am”

30. Descartes’ Discourse on Method Deductive Method/Reasoning Deductive Method/Reasoning

31. Use – –Logic & Reason To break an idea/problem down into understandable specifics

32. Modern Scientific Method = inductive method (of Bacon) + the deductive method (of Descartes)

33. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Principia 1687 – Perhaps the greatest science book ever Calculus

34. Explained Order & Design of the Universe by… Astronomy of Copernicus & Kepler + Physics of Galileo

35. Natural laws of motion Natural laws of motion –Gravity –explained planetary orbits Explained this mathematically Explained this mathematically

36. Since these “natural laws” are unchangeable & predictable, God’s active participation in the natural world is not needed to explain the forces of nature

37. This view came to be the foundation of the Enlightenment view of God: deism Deism – The belief that god created the universe but has nothing to do w/ the world since

38. Scientific Rev: Anatomy & Physiology

39. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) The Structure of the Human Body (1543) Renewed & modernized the study of human anatomy

40. William Harvey (1578-1657) On the Movement of the Heart and Blood (1628) Explained how blood was pumped by the heart & circulated throughout the body.

41. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) “Father of microscopy”:developed powerful microscopes 1st to see & write about bacteria, yeast plants, living organisms in a drop of water & the circulation of blood

42. Review Q: During the Renaissance, what was a symbol of a country’s prestige & power? Art

43. Nat’l Prestige/Status: Science Gov’ts/monarchs encouraged scientific inquiry to further the prestige of the state & remain at the cutting edge of technology

44. Royal Scientific Societies Allowed scientists to communicate w/ each other internationally The Royal Society (1660) in England was perhaps the most successful & prestigious

45. The The Impact of the Scientific Revolution

46. Improvements in exploration/navigation See Age of Exploration notes John Harrison’s chronometer gave mariners the ability to easily determine longitude by the late- 18th century

47. Improvements in Medical Knowledge Helped improve the quality of life later (19th & 20 th centuries)

49. Reduced Support for Witch Hunts 70k-100k people killed from 1400- 1700. Why? – –Women were seen as “weaker vessels” & prone to temptation: constituted 80% of victims

50. – –Religious wars & divisions created a panic environment; scapegoating of “witches” ensued   Leaders tried to gain loyalty of their people (have a common enemy to unite ppl); appeared to be protecting them

51. Sci Rev’n discredited superstition & witchcraft as fallacies.

52. Agric Revolution Spirit of experimentation perhaps helped accelerate the agricultural revolution —18th century

53. Worsened the relationship between Science & Religion After Catholic Counter Reformation, the Church became more hostile to science. Protestant countries became the leaders of the scientific revolution, especially England

54. Led directly to the Enlightenment of the 18 th Century