1. Non-Coding RNA Helen Nordquist November 13, 2015

2. Discovery of Non-Coding RNA Alanine tRNA in baker’s yeast in 1965 – Robert W. Holley Ribosomal RNA in early 1980s

4. What is Non-Coding RNA? RNA not translated into protein Transcribed from RNA gene 98% of human genome is ncRNA

6. Roles of ncRNA Translation RNA splicing DNA replication Gene regulation Genome defense Chromosome structure Disease

7. ncRNA in Disease Cancer Autism – snRNA SNORD 115 duplication Hearing loss – miR-96 in autosomal dominant, progressive hearing loss

8. Functions of ncRNAs Heterochromatin formation Histone modification DNA methylation targeting Gene silencing

9. Groups of ncRNA Short (<30 nucleotides) Long (>200 nucleotides)

10. Main forms of short ncRNA microRNA Short interfering RNA Piwi-interacting RNA

11. Micro RNA miRNA – Bind to a specific target messenger RNA – Cleavage, degradation, stop translation – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DM-IrZsnz6w https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DM-IrZsnz6w

12. Short Interfering RNA siRNA – Mediate post- translational gene silencing – Induce heterochromatin formation

13. Piwi-interacting RNA piRNA – Form RNA-protein complexes with piwi proteins Piwi: highly conserved in plants and animals – RNA silencing

14. Long ncRNA Complex with chromatin-modifying proteins Catalytic activity at specific sites Influence gene expression

15. Encode Project

16. References http://www.whatisepigenetics.com/non-coding-rna/ Ouyang, H., et al. 2015. Deep Sequencing Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Muscle of Fast-Growing and Slow-Growing Broilers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Vol. 16, No. 7: 16242-16262. Elgar, G. and Vavouri, T. 2008. Tuning in to the signals: noncoding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes. Trends in Genetics. Vol. 24, No. 7: 344-352. Madison, J.T., et al. 1966. Nucleotide sequence of a yeast tyrosine transfer RNA. Science. Vol. 153, No. 3735: 531-534. Ladner JE, Jack A, Robertus JD; et al. 1975. Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 72, No.11: 4414–4418. http://www.lncrnablog.com/tag/the-encode-project/ Fire A et al. 1998. Potent and specific genetic interference by double- stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. Vol. 391, No. 6669:806- 811.