1. Clinical Lab Equipment rev 2016-02-25 this is now slide 1do not print it to pdf things to do (check off when complete): add revision date to cover page remove triangles create list for pages to print in the handout 2-44 add captions for photo slides incorporate notes taken during presentation add Key Points page 3 print p 41 & 43 full-size color useful characters: ° degrees‎Ω ohmsμ microλ lambda ☑ checkbox ☐ slash-zero ØCO 2 O 2 SpO 2 N 2 O ® ™ trademarks à 224 E0 á 225 E1 â 226 E2 ã 227 E3 ä 228 E4 å 229 E5 æ 230 E6 ç 231 E7 Ð 208 D0 è 232 E8 é 233 E9 ê 234 EA ë 235 EB ì 236 EC í 237 ED î 238 EE ï 239 EF Ñ 209 D1 Ò 210 D2 Ó 211 D3 Ô 212 D4 Õ 213 D5 Ö 214 D6 Ø 216 D8 ß 223 DF Þ 222 DE Ù 217 D9 Ú 218 DA Û 219 DB Ü 220 DC Ý 221 DD Þ 222 DE ß 223 DF

2. Clinical Laboratory Equipment An Introduction for Biomedical Equipment Technicians University of Washington Scientific Instruments Benjamin K. Roberts, CBET, M.S. February 2015 – North Seattle Community College rev cewood 2016-02-25

3. Key Points Clinical Lab Equipment: Be able to associate lab functions from this list of devices: - centrifuges:chemistry - mixers / shakers:chemistry - incubators:microbiology - slide strainers:pathology - microtomes:pathology - microscopes:hematology, microbiology Know the 7 circled parts of a table-top microscope in the attached graphic Know the two factors determining the RCF of a centrifuge Know the four points of PM on a centrifuge

4. Introduction to Scientific Instruments Scientific Instruments University of Washington Health Sciences Department is over 50 yrs old Services a total of over 21,000 pieces of equipment Over 400 device types 25 employees (and growing) Provides service to UWMC, HMC, CHMC, UWPN, SCCA, NWH, UW, & others

5. Agenda Clinical Laboratory Organization Equipment Classification & Examples In-depth Examples Centrifuges Microscopes

6. Overview Clinical Laboratories are a key component of modern medical care. Along with surgery and imaging, they generate the bulk of an Institution’s revenue. Labs are filled with expensive specialized equipment. Opportunity for Biomed Techs to save $$$

7. Vocabulary Clinical Lab Lab that performs tests used to aid healthcare professionals in diagnosing and treating patients Sample Body fluids, gases or tissues taken from patients Reagent A substance combined with a sample as part of a test Control A body derived substance used for quality assurance Standard A substance or device used to calibrate an instrument

8. Clinical Laboratory Organization Medical Director is usually a Pathologist CLS generates large revenues for an institution & tends to have a lot of political clout. Divided into departments based on types of samples being studied. Staff are usually well trained and are experts on the use of the equipment.

9. Clinical Lab Departments Specimen Processing Receive, document & pre-process all samples Chemistry Measure pH, ion & gas concentrations in blood & urine samples Microbiology Identify infectious microorganisms

10. More Clinical Lab Departments Hematology Measure blood component concentration and function Virology Identify & quantify viruses Genetics Identify genetic disorders Pathology Collect, prepare and analyze tissue samples

11. Pathology Specialties Autopsy Collect samples from autopsies for further study Gross Anatomy Select tissue samples from autopsy and surgical specimens for further processing Cytology Preserve samples & prepare slides for microscopic evaluation

12. Classification of Lab Equipment Difficult due to the number of device types Some devices are used in all departments Others are department or test specific Classification by Department (Pathology) Classification by Function Sample Processing Sample Separation Measurement

13. Sample Processing Equipment Centrifuges Mixers, Shakers & Hot Plates Pipettes Incubators

14. Centrifuges Devices that spin samples to separate mixtures by sedimentation Key OEMs: IEC, Sorvall, Jouan, Savant, Eppendorff

15. Mixers, Shakers, Hot Plates Used to mix samples & reagents Key OEMs. Gene, Labline, Hoefer, Thermo

16. Pipettes Used to measure samples and reagents Available in a variety of sizes, styles and manufacturers. Require special scale for calibration

17. Incubators Used primarily in Microbiology to culture samples Typically have temperature, CO 2 and humidity controls. Key OEMS: Thermo Forma, Napco & Shel-Labs

18. Sample Processing Equipment for Pathology Tissue Processors Imbedding Station Microtomes Slide Stainers Cover Slippers

19. Tissue Processors “Fixes” (Preserves) tissue samples for later analysis Reagents Ethanol Formalin Xylene Paraffin Automated with many moving parts

20. Imbedding Station Imbeds fixed sample into blocks of paraffin in preparation for slicing

21. Microtome Slices tissue for slide preparation Extremely sharp blades Mostly mechanical Called a Cryostat when installed inside of a freezer

22. Slide Stainers

23. Cover Slipper Places covers on microscope slides Highly automated Many moving parts

24. Sample Separation Equipment Centrifugation Liquid Chromatography (LC) High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Gas Chromatography (CG & GCMS) Electrophoresis

25. Liquid Chromatography (LC)

26. Gas Chromatography (GC & GCMS)

27. Electrophoresis

28. Measurement Methods and Equipment Method Volume Mass Electrochemical DNA / RNA Probes Spectroscopic Visual Inspection Equipment Calipers Scales Electrophoresis PCR Spectrophotometers Microscopes

29. Laboratory Scales Measure samples & reagents Come in a variety of ranges Key OEMs: Mettler, Ohaus, Sartorius

30. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Used to amplify DNA in samples Functions like a programmable heating/ cooling plate. (Denaturion 94-96ºC) (Annealing 50-65ºC) Key OEMs: Applied Biosystems, MJ Research, Eppindorff

31. Spectrophotometers Based on sample’s interaction with light

32. Overview Summary Clinical Laboratories are complex environments. The variety and complexity of equipment offers endless possibilities for professional growth.

33. Centrifugation Uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures Used in all areas of the lab Wide variety of sizes and speeds Basic Components Motor Rotor Controls In-depth Look at Centrifuges and Microscopes

34. RPM vs. RCF RPM Rotational speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute RCF Relative Centrifugal Force in g (force of gravity) Calculating RCF RCF = 11.17 x R max x (RPM /1000) 2 R max sample radius in cm RPM rotor speed in revolutions per minute

35. Classes of Centrifuge Low SpeedSuperspeedUltraspeed Max Speed (RPM) 10k28k100k Max Force (RCF) 7k100k800k

36. Centrifuge Types

37. Centrifuge Maintenance Electrical leakage/safety Check the brushes Rotor Inspection Lid latch issues Verifying speed

38. Centrifuge Safety

39. Microscopes Bright field Phase Contrast Polarized Light Fluorescent

41. Proper configuration of the microscope with regard to illumination, which is a critical parameter which must be fulfilled in order to achieve optimal performance. http://www.microscopyu.com/tutorials/java/kohler/ Microscope Alignment for Köhler Illumination

42. Phase Contrast