1. Sustainable intensification of crop-livestock systems in the Ethiopian highlands ILRI, Addis Ababa, 30 January-2 February 2012

2. Data availability: Ethiopia HICE (1992, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2010) WMS (1997, 2009) Census (1984, 1994, 2007) DHS (2000, 2005) Annual Agricultural Sample Survey (1989-…) Agricultural Sample Enumeration (2001/2) …?

3. Indices Normalized indices (0,1) with weights based on the first principal component, the linear combination capturing the greatest variation among the set of variables: Intensification index (INT)-> head’s education, quantity of ino. fertilizer/land size, hh grows in belg season, use of irrigation, use of improved seeds, # of large TLU (cattle, asses, mules), ([crop] is grown) Sustainability index-> degradation, land and water availability/variability, erosion, SLM practices, NRM,… -> Currently we don’t have a SI index

4. What are we missing? Intensification index (INT)-> labor inputs, mechanization, pesticides, herbicides, soil quality, AEZ, quantity of utilized fertilizers/land size, # of TLU/land size, yield? productivity? (depending on the intensification definition) Sustainability index->diversity of crop, social capital, engagement of private sector, future potential in agriculture and market access (in 5 years), # of trees planted and survived

5. Ethiopia: characteristics of rural households Note: according to the data, 80% of heads has no formal education (93% in HICE) hh size average education land area PHC $1.25 PHC $2 povgap $1.25 povgap $2 INT index INT index maize INT index wheat TLU large TLU small Tigray4.990.970.740.500.840.120.33-0.58-0.49-0.552.150.33 Amhara4.940.521.190.400.840.100.30-0.23-0.30-0.182.290.33 Oromiya5.401.021.200.330.770.070.25-0.010.110.042.480.21 Somalie5.930.310.680.480.850.110.32-0.82-0.52-0.863.481.41 Benishangul- Gumuz 5.010.931.190.340.770.070.26-0.60-0.35-0.732.050.20 SNNPR5.091.560.610.420.820.100.300.510.370.401.840.32 Gambela4.311.670.78na 0.540.550.360.600.06 Total5.141.010.990.390.780.090.28-0.000.00-0.002.220.30

6. Farm size

7. % hhs growing wheat

8. % hhs growing maize

9. % of hhs owning livestock

10. # of cattle owned

11. Intensification index

12. Intensification index in the initial sites

13. Intensification index for wheat

14. Intensification index for maize