1. Does an Increase of Boats Cause Decreased Vocalization Rates in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)? Matthew J. Williams Beam Reach Marine Science and Sustainability School June 4, 2009

2. Bioenergetics Every action requires energy Energy is a limiting factor Do orcas limit vocalizations if they are unlikely to be heard?

3. Methods Recorded: –Vocalizations –Behavioral state –Number of boats within 1000 m –Ambient noise levels

4. Key Questions Does an increase in boats correlate with an increase in ambient noise? Do call rates decline with an increase in ambient noise?

5. Does an increase in boats correlate with an increase in ambient noise? P <.001 Sample Size: 1016

6. Do call rates decline with an increase in ambient noise? P <.001 Sample Size: 1016

7. Call Rates Min: 0 Max: 26 Mean: 1.22 Mode: 0 Sample Size: 1016 Very large proportion of data is 0 calls/min!

8. Supplementary Question Does the behavioral state influence the call rates? Important to limit a source of variance

9. Call Rates Behavioral State MinMaxMeanSample Size Foraging09.53134 Milling01.0258 Playing02611.4715 Resting00078 Traveling0181.37731

10. Changes in Call Rates: Foraging P <.001 Sample Size: 134

11. Changes in Call Rates: Traveling P <.001 Sample Size: 731

12. Questions? Acknowledgements: –Jason Wood –Scott Veirs –Val Veirs –Todd Shuster –Mike Kramer –Classmates