1. Continental Glaciation in Canada
Glacial grooves on East Sister Island, Lake Erie, Ontario.

2. Glacial topography:
In areas eroded by glaciers during the last ice age, the smooth preglacial surface has been stripped of its thick soils.
The weaker parts of the granitic bedrock have been excavated into countless lake basins, and the resistant knobs scoured and polished.
Blocks and boulders of all sizes litter the ground. A tundra-like vegetation of herbs and shrubs occupies exposed surfaces and dense windswept conifers, hug the hollows.

3. DURING CONTINENTAL GLACIATION:

4. AFTER CONTINENTAL GLACIATION:

5. Glacial Till: (unstratified)

6. Glacial Striations

7. Glacial erratic on till surface, northeastern Manitoba
Glacial erratic on till surface, northeastern Manitoba This is a large glacier-transported erratic block, sitting on the till plain in northeastern Manitoba. The dimensions of the block can be estimated from the person standing in front.

8. Erratic, Yellowstone NP (Photo © Duncan Heron)

9. Glacial Erratic

10. Formation of a Kettle Lake:

11. KETTLE LAKES:

12. KETTLE LAKES:

13. Terminal Moraine:

14. Recessional Moraine:

15. Roche Moutonnee

16. A roche moutonnée is a rock hill shaped by the passage of ice to give a smooth up-ice side and a rough, plucked and cliff-girt surface on the down-ice side. The upstream surface is often marked with striations.

20. What are Drumlins?

21. Drumlins indicate ice movment:

22. A drumlin near Morley Bow Valley, Alberta.
Drumlins are streamlined mounds of till that are associated with glacial flow, and form at the base of moving glacier sheets. The steep end faces the direction from which the glacier advanced. As observed in the photo, the glacier moved from right to left. This feature shown above is about 35 m high, and at least 250 m long.

23. Drumlin:

24. Drumlin:

25. Drumlin fields (eggs in a basket topography)

26. OUTWASH PLAIN – is a plain (flat land) formed by meltwater from glaciers

27. Outwash Plain:

28. HOW AN ESKER STARTS UNDER A GLACIER:

29. WHEN THE MELTWATER AND GLACIER IS GONE:

30. Sharp-crested esker, northwestern Manitoba
Sharp-crested esker, northwestern Manitoba. In the centre of the foreground lies a slightly sinuous, tree-covered, sharp-crested esker that is composed of sand and gravel. It occurs among the woodlands and fens that cover till plains in the boreal forest.

31. Esker:

32. Esker in N.W.T.:

33. Eskers and Kettle Lakes: