1. OEAS 604: Introduction to Physical Oceanography Conservation of Mass Chapter 4 – Knauss Chapter 5 – Talley et al. 1

2. Outline Cartesian coordinate system Conservation of mass Derivation of continuity equation Eulerian and Lagrangian reference frames Boussinesq Approximation Incompressible form of continuity equation Application of continuity 2

3. z x y Cartesian Coordinate System The location of any point in space can be uniquely described by its coordinates (x,y,z) Similarly the velocity vector of an object can be uniquely described in Cartesian Coordinates Typically useu to denote a vector in the x-direction v to denote a vector in the y-direction w to denote a vector in the z-direction 3

4. Conservation of Mass change in mass = flux in – flux out Δx Δy Δz mass = density × volume change in mass = flux in flux in = flux out 1.If diameter of pipe is 10 m 2 and the velocity of water through the pipe is 1 m/s, what is the flux in? 2.How fast is volume changing? 3.How fast is water rising? 4

5. Conservation of Mass in a Cartesian Coordinate System Δx Δy Δz If box is filled with water of density ρ, what is the mass of water in the box? Mass = ρ × Δx × Δy × Δz ρ 5

6. Conservation of Mass change in mass = flux in – flux out Δx Δy Δz u1ρ1u1ρ1 u2ρ2u2ρ2 Consider flow in x-direction Water with density ρ 1 flows into the box with velocity u 1 Water with density ρ 2 flows out of the box with velocity u 2 Volume flux into the box = [ u 1 × Δy × Δz ] So mass flux = [ ρ 1 × u 1 × Δy × Δz ] Volume flux out of the box = [ u 2 × Δy × Δz ] So mass flux = [ ρ 2 × u 2 × Δy × Δz ] 6

7. Δx Δy Δz u1ρ1u1ρ1 u2ρ2u2ρ2 This can be written more generally as: In the x-direction have: Δx Δy Δz v1ρ1v1ρ1 v2ρ2v2ρ2 The same in the y -direction Δx Δy Δz w1ρ1w1ρ1 w2ρ2w2ρ2 And in the z -direction 7

8. Δx Δy Δz Putting this all together gives the continuity equation Change in mass Convergence or divergence in flux 8

9. Remember from Calculus This can be simplified 9

10. Eulerian Measurements 102810291030103110321033 In this Eulerian reference frame, density appears to be increasing x In fluid mechanics, measurements made in a fixed reference frame to the flow are called Eulerian. 102810291030103110321033 x 10

11. Lagrangian Measurements 102810291030103110321033 In fluid mechanics, measurements made in a reference frame that moves with the fluid are referred to as Lagrangian. 102810291030103110321033 In this Lagrangian reference frame, density appears to be constant 11

12. In fluid mechanics, the reference frame is crucial to what is observed In the previous example for the Eulerian reference frame, the scalar quantity in the fixed box is increasing because of advection. How can this be represented mathematically? 102810291030103110321033 This is referred to as the local rate of change u x 12

13. In a fixed or Eulerian reference frame, the local rate of change is influenced by advection in all three directions In contrast, in a Lagrangian or a reference frame moving with the flow, there are no advective changes. Local derivative no local sources or sinks Eulerian Material derivative: So, the total rate of change in a moving reference frame includes the local rate of change minus the advective contribution. 13

14. Previous derivation of continuity gives Know that the Material derivative is related to the local derivative by: This results in the continuity equation conservation mass 14 Conservation of volume

15. The Continuity Equation One important characteristic of oceanic flows is that, even when density stratification is fundamental to the flow, density variations are still small, only a few parts per thousand. ρ o ~ 1020 kg/m 3 ~ 2 kg/m 3 ρ' < 2 kg/m 3 In most situations, this term is way smaller than … this term 15

16. Introduction to Scaling Scaling is a way to compare the relative importance of terms in an equation. Estimate the relative importance of changes in density to convergences or divergences in the flow Assume that changes in density can be estimated as: The ratio of the density term to the convergence terms becomes: And convergence can be estimated as: = 2×10 -3 16

17. Changes in density are negligible compared to convergences or divergences in the flow 17

18. This is the Boussinesq Approximation It states that density differences are sufficiently small to be neglected, except where they appear in terms multiplied by g, the acceleration due to gravity. It represented mathematically, as: Assumes that the compressibility of seawater can be ignored in many situations. Applying the Boussinesq Approximation gives the incompressible form of the continuity equation : 18

19. The Continuity Equation A divergence in the flow in one direction, must be balanced by a convergence in the flow in another direction. Consider a convergent flow over a fixed boundary: No flow through boundary. 19

20. Consider the box below Ignore flow in the y- direction: The Continuity Equation If there is convergent flow in the x-direction, what happens to the water surface? 20

21. z = -h z = η z = -h z = η Depth Integrated form of Continuity To first approximation: 21

22. Wave propagation can be explained in terms of the depth averaged continuity equation: convergence divergence The water at any given point simply oscillates back and forth (no water is transported), but wave form propagates (energy is transmitted) 22

23. Upwelling and Downwelling Upwelling is the upward motion of water caused by surface divergence. This motion brings cold, nutrient rich water towards the surface. Downwelling is downward motion of water caused by surface convergence. It supplies the deeper ocean with dissolved gases. Downwelling: Upwelling: 23

24. Next Class Conservation of tracers (heat and salt) – Chapter 4 – Knauss – Chapter 5 – Talley et al. 24