1. Western Civilization (History 119)

2. A superb general and politician Turned Rome from republic to empire Reigned 46 – 44 BC changed the course of Roman history

3. 1. Answer questions in the Reading Review. 2. Highlight words from each document that you do not know and define. 3. What kind of documents are these? 4. Who are the speakers? 5. Who is the audience for each document? 6. What other information do you need to better understand these documents?

4. Adopted by Caesar Reigned 31 BC – 14 AD huge expansion in the Roman Empire ended 100 years of civil war Pax Romana won over the Senate surrendered to public scandals at home and abroad

5. reigned 14 – 37 AD political inability, poor judgment and jealousy led Rome into a dark age of political purges, murder and terror When he died in 37 AD, Rome welcomed the news

6. Reigned 37 – 41 AD eccentricities became terrifying murdered after just five years in power Dressed in silk robes and covered in jewels, Caligula pretended he was a god. forced senators to grovel and kiss his feet and seduced their wives at dinner parties Wife and daughter were killed to prevent reprisals

7. Disfigured, awkward and clumsy Reigned 41 – 54 AD black sheep of his family made major improvements to Rome’s judicial system, passed laws protecting sick slaves, extended citizenship and increased women's privileges treated his people with unusual respect murdered by his wife Agrippina (Nero’s mother)

8. reigned 54 – 68 AD started out well as emperor ended secret trials and gave the Senate more independence banned capital punishment, reduced taxes and allowed slaves to sue unjust owners provided assistance to cities that had suffered disasters, gave aid to the Jews and established open competitions in poetry, drama and athletics Dark side; committed Matricide – the murder of his own mother declared a public enemy by the Roman Senate Committed suicide

9. reigned 69 – 79 AD proclaimed emperor by the Senate military dictatorship worked hard to restore law, order and self-respect to Rome after the civil war approached his work with an earthy humor and common sense unusual in someone of his rank established the new, Flavian dynasty died of natural causes

10. reigned 81 – 96 AD known for wild excess hated by the Roman aristocracy, largely because of his cruelty and showiness insisted on being addressed as “master and god” launched treason trials, and executed or banished even his mildest critics murdered by a group that included senior Praetorian Guards, palace officials and even the emperor’s own wife

11. ruled 96 – 98 AD became emperor immediately after Domitian’s murder in 96 AD swore that he would never execute any senator, whatever the provocation badly humiliated by the Praetorian Guard he died soon afterwards

12. reigned 98 – 117 AD expanded the Roman Empire to become larger than ever before tried to find competent and honest officials to rule the provinces fair but strict with the army, ordering the execution of the Praetorian Guard who had defied Nerva ignored those who wanted Christians persecuted and, instead, treated them like other citizens generous to Rome’s population, giving out cash and increasing the number of poor citizens who could receive free grain. began a massive program of public works, building bridges, harbors and aqueducts reduced taxes and started a new welfare program for poor children

13. reigned 117 – 138 AD stabilized the empire, realigned the borders and reformed the military, legal and economic systems of the Roman empire Hadrian’s Wall passion for architecture and Greek culture extensive building program included the Pantheon in Rome, his villa in Tivoli and the city of Antinopolis

14. reigned 138 – 161 AD unusual peace and prosperity rebellion in Britain forced him to build (140–42) a wall between the Forth and Clyde rivers as a defense against invasions from Scotland (Wall of Antoninus)

15. reigned 161 – 180 AD concerned with public welfare and sold even his personal possessions to lessen the effects of famine and plague in the empire persecuted Christians, believing them a threat to the imperial system champion of the poor, for whom he founded schools, orphanages, and hospitals and alleviated the burden of taxes tried to humanize criminal laws and the treatment of slaves by their masters a Stoic philosopher, he is remembered for his Meditations, a compendium of 12 books of moral precepts written in Greek