1. Princes and Popes Reforms in the Church – needed due to moral corruption and feudal relationships between pope and emperor

2. I. Reforms in the Church Intro Need for Reform –Protection = feudal relationships Churchmen became vassals and therefore their loyalties were divided between the church and feudal lords. Some kings and nobles were claiming that it was their right not only to appoint church officials but also to invest them with their religious authority ( lay investiture ) –Lay lords appointed men with few spiritual qualifications –Scandal: buying and selling of church positions Began in 910 in Cluny, France

3. Reforms in the Church Exposed and sought to fix (remedy) abuses within the church Instituted measures to forbid simony to free the church from secular control resulting from lay investiture and to restore the dignity and authority of the papacy – Simony: the buying and selling of religious articles (even church offices) Reforming monastic orders: Cistercian and Cluniac Reforming mendicant orders: Franciscan and Dominican

4. Reforms in the Church Bernard of Clairvaux –Abbot of Clairvaux monastery –Outspoken critic of worldliness in the church and in society

5. Rivalry Between Pope and Emperor Primary goal: to rescue the papacy from the state of weakness and corruption into which it had fallen. 1059 – College of Cardinals created –Only churchmen can select the popes Greatest of the reforming popes: Gregory VII –Used his influence as pope to curb other abuses in the church and to strengthen his office –Believed church was superior to state –Wanted no lay investiture

6. Rivalry Between Pope and Emperor Gregory VII formally prohibited any layman from appointing a person to church office or investing a person with spiritual authority Henry IV of Germany refused to obey saying that he had the right to appoint the bishops in his realm. Growing discontent among the German nobles prompted Henry to seek the pope’s forgiveness.

7. Rivalry Between Pope and Emperor 1077 – Henry stood barefoot in the snow for 3 days waiting for the pope to speak to him! The struggle over lay investiture continued until 1122. 1122 – Concordat of Worms: –Agreement that recognized the right of the church to elect its own bishops and abbots and to invest them with spiritual authority. –Emperors could still invest church leaders with secular/civil authority

8. New Religious Orders continued the reforms begun by the Cluniac and Cistercian movements Emphasized service to one’s fellow man Franciscan and Dominican orders Friars or “brothers” Begged for their daily sustenance so they were sometimes referred to as mendicant (“begging”) orders Francis of Assissi founded the Franciscan order. –devoted his life to preaching and ministering to the poor and sick Dominic founded the Dominican order. –Devoted his life to battling heresy

9. New Religious Orders –Became the leaders of the Inquisition – a church court established to discover and try heretics Pledged all allegiance to the pope Eventually pursued wealth and power Zenith of the Papacy Increased papal authority throughout Europe Innocent III Exploited the strong influence of the Catholic church over society

10. Zenith of the Papacy He and his successors were especially zealous in humbling unsubmissive kings, even though the apostle Peter had commanded the believers to honor the king. They worked to stamp out any individual or group that protested against papal authority. 3 chief weapons used by the pope: Excommunication Interdict Inquisition

11. Character and Results of Reform More effort on rebuilding the church’s prestige than on restoring its purity Focus was not on the spiritual! No lasting reforms! Outward changes, nothing internal

12. II. A European Empire Founding of the German Kingdom –Dukes took control of East Frankland (formerly ruled for Louis the German, grandson of Charlemagne) –Duchy – the territory controlled by each duke –Henry the Fowler led the German nobles against the Saxon invaders Expanded territory east by defeating the Magyars and Slavs –Henry’s son, Otto I: became a strong German king Relied upon church officials to establish his leadership among the other dukes

13. Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire –Otto took control of Lombardy in Northern Italy –Pope crowned Otto emperor in exchange for protection against Roman nobles, very similar to the crowning of Charlemagne –Germany and Italy united and Otto established the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, combining both church and state (ca. 962)

14. Conflict within the empire –Conflict of interest German rulers turned their attention from control over the empire to control of Rome and areas in Italy Dukes in Germany often were left to fight over control –Conflict with Popes Otto I began choosing popes Lay investiture –Conflict with the nobles Civil war among the nobles for the crown German monarchs were weakened and feudalism broke down the authority structure – powerful noble families held all the power

15. Empire of the Hohenstaufens –Frederick I of Germany made alliance for his son to marry into the kingdom of Sicily –Frederick II – heir to German and Sicilian thrones – took most interest in uniting the land in Italy He failed at unification because of papal resistance Power of Holy Roman Empire declined – Italy and Germany separated and there was a period of disunity within Germany and Italy

16. Rise of Feudal Monarchies England  After 400s Roman legions had to withdraw from the island in order to protect Roman territory on the Continent.

17.  Germanic tribes soon invaded Britain (Angles and Saxons)  They established their own independent kingdoms and transformed “Roman” Britain into England (or “Angle land,” meaning “land of the Angles”).  By 800s the Danes (Scandinavian Vikings) began to raid the land. ◊Raided the land until Alfred the Great (871-99) (the guy on the 1 st slide)  Alfred the Great pushed the Danes northward and ruled the southern part of England, laying the foundation for a unified English monarchy.  Founder of English navy (to repel future Danish invasions… Danes = Danish = Denmark)  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – traces history of England from Roman times to Alfred’s day. (It was continued after Alfred as well.)

18. Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, and his statue in Winchester

19.  Less than 100 yrs. after Alfred’s death the Danes renewed their attacks & finally England fell to the Danish ruler Canute, who made England part of the Danish Empire.  The Anglo-Saxons eventually drove out the Danish rulers and placed Edward the Confessor on throne. ◊ Edward (1042-66) was a descendent of Alfred the Great. ◊He was called “the Confessor” because of his devotion to God.  Edward died w/o an heir. William (French duke of Normandy) claimed the crown because he was his cousin, but the English nobles refused to give it to him. (Instead they elected Harold, the powerful earl of Wessex).  So he obtained a blessing from the pope, raised a large army & invaded England (crossing the English Channel)

21. } All this is France today

22. Harold, earl of Wessex (elected by nobles) vs. William of Normandy (cousin of Edward the Confessor) William became known as William the Conqueror & established a new line of English kings, the Norman dynasty.

23. Battle of Hastings The Bayeux Tapestry (French: Tapisserie de Bayeux, Norman: La telle du conquest ) is an embroidered cloth—not an actual tapestry—nearly 70 meters (230 ft) long, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings.

24. William… 1. brought to England the centralized feudalism of Normandy & established himself as feudal lord over the entire country. - divided his holdings among his military followers, feudal vassals called tenants-in- chief. 2. extended his authority over the English church (William, not the pope, appointed the bishops of his realm) (to maintain power)

25. 3. surveyed the people & their belongings (to determine the taxable resources that belonged to him as king) (it’s all about the money, right?) ◊ The Domesday Book recorded EVERYTHING. ◊ Not until the 19th century would such a sweeping census be conducted again. ◊ “The arrival and conquest of William and the Normans radically altered the course of English history. Rather than attempt a wholesale replacement of Anglo-Saxon law, William fused continental practices with native custom. By disenfranchising Anglo-Saxon landowners, he instituted a brand of feudalism in England that strengthened the monarchy. ◊ He died as he had lived: an inveterate warrior. He died September 9, 1087 from complications of a wound he received in a siege on the town of Mantes.”

26.  Fun fact: By the end of William's reign over 80 castles had been built throughout his kingdom, as a permanent reminder of the new Norman feudal order. Extra credit: read http://www.webspinners.org.uk/weddingtoncastle2/ william_i.htm http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon2 2.html http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10- things-you-may-not-know-about-william-the- conqueror Summarize his life and reign in a one-page essay. Be sure to tell me why the nobles refused to give him the crown resulting in the election of Harold.

27.  Before his death on 9 September 1087, William divided his 'Anglo- Norman' state between his sons.  William bequeathed Normandy as he had promised to his eldest son Robert.  His 2 nd son, William Rufus (William II), was to succeed William as King of England.  The third remaining son, Henry, was left 5,000 pounds in silver. (married Matilda of Flanders and had 10 kids) (married Eleanor of Aquitaine, their son was Richard The Lionheart)

28.  Through inheritance and marriage, he had gained landholdings in France that far surpassed those ruled directly by his feudal lord, the French king.  This situation provoked jealous rivalry between the French and the English thrones.  Henry II strengthened royal authority by…. ◊ Expanding jurisdiction of royal courts & establishing circuit courts with justices who traveled throughout the land hearing cases. —Modern-day impact: indictments  modern jury —The decisions of Henry’s new justices provided uniform laws for all of England and thus superseded the local feudal laws. —This common law helped ensure justice & unified England as a nation. ◊ Appointing Thomas à Becket as archbishop of Canterbury, the highest church office in England. ◊Read about Henry’s wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, here.here

29.  Richard I – becomes king after Henry II died ◊known as “the Lion-Hearted” ◊contributed little to the English crown ◊while gone on Crusades, his brother John and the King of France plotted to overthrow him  John became king when Richard died ◊ lacked the personal qualities that won his brother the trust and admiration of the people ◊ more able ruler than Richard Magna Carta Limits Royal Power

30.  Conflict: ◊John’s reign was marked by continual conflict with 3 formidable opponents:  the French King  the pope  the English nobles ◊ The French king, Phillip II, took advantage of John’s weaknesses and extended his royal control over many of John’s French possessions. Magna Carta Limits Royal Power ◊ Pope: Innocent III – over who would be the next archbishop of Canterbury.

31.  Pope Innocent III placed England under an interdict and excommunicated the king.  John had no choice but to submit to the pope ◊The English barons were dissatisfied with John’s reign:  They resented his excessive taxes & his disregard for their feudal privileges.  They forced John to set his seal to the Magna Carta.  Magna Carta (Latin for “Great Charter”) - became the most important document in English history. - intended as the guarantee of feudal rights - established the principle that the king’s power is limited: the king is not above the law and can be removed for refusing to be obey it. Magna Carta Limits Royal Power

32.  Edward I (1272-1307) ◊One of England’s most gifted medieval kings. ◊Attempted to extend English rule over all Britain- Wales, Scotland, England. ◊Conquered Wales and made his son Prince of Wales. ◊Probably the most important contribution of Edward’s reign was the development of Parliament.  It was always the custom for the king to seek counsel from a group of advisers.  The Anglo-Saxon kings had the witan – an assembly of the great men of the kingdom.  William the Conqueror established the Great Council; aka, the curia regis (“the kings council”) – a feudal body composed of his chief vassals. ◊Edward had acknowledged that the king could not propose new taxes without the consent of Parliament.  Resulted in a change in government into a limited monarchy Parliament Becomes an Important Institution

33. France  The Capetians and Their Royal House  Phillip II and Royal Expansion  Louis IX and Royal Dignity  Philip IV and Royal Strength

34. The Capetians and Their Royal House  Soon after the death of Charlemagne, the Carolingian Empire broke up into many feudal realms.  The Carolingian kings were weak.  The Count of Paris, Hugh Capet, was chosen by the great feudal lords to be the next king. This was the beginning of the Capetian House.

35. The Capetians and Their Royal House  built a strong monarchy in France  continual succession for 300 years  increased their power over the feudal lords  enlarged their possessions by conquest and marriage alliances  effective system of centralized govt  laid the foundation for the French national state

36. The Capetians and Their Royal House  close with church and townspeople  won financial independence from the great feudal lords

37. Philip II and Royal Expansion  The Capetian monarchs actually ruled only a small area around Paris, known as the Île-de-France.

39. Philip II and Royal Expansion  5 th Capetian king, Louis VI (1108-37), became master of his royal domain –first time Capetians had a strong and solid base  Philip II (1180-1223) enlarged the territory under his rule and increased his power over his vassals becoming known as the real founder of France.  chief obstacle : Large amount of land held by English kings

40. Philip II and Royal Expansion  Henry II, Richard the Lion-Hearted, King John  John refused to stand trial in Philip’s court as his vassal so Philip declared his lands forfeited.  Since John had lost his French vassals’ support and had alienated the English nobles, he was defeated by Philip II.  John lost Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.  In defeating John, Philip II had TRIPLED the size of his own royal domain. *Q*

41. Philip II and Royal Expansion  Philip also increased the effectiveness of royal govt  He replaced feudal officials with new royal ones called baillis, whom the king appointed and paid.  one major setback: excommunication by Pope Innocent III and interdict of France

42. Louis IX and Royal Dignity  Philip’s grandson  has been called the ideal medieval king  built respect and loyalty for the French throne  made peace and justice the primary goals of his reign  protected the rights of all, regardless of rank in society  established a permanent royal court in Paris  first king to issue laws without the advice from his vassals  remembered as “Saint Louis”

43. Philip IV and Royal Strength  Climax of Capetian rule  known as Philip “the Fair”  strengthened the organization and authority of central govt.  higher taxes to pay for stronger govt and larger realm  also taxed clergy!!!!!!!!!!!!!  Pope Boniface VIII stepped in and decreed that no king could impose a tax on clergy  Philip countered by refusing to allow gold and silver to leave France, decreasing papal revenues  gained the support of the French people by standing up to the Pope

44. Philip IV and Royal Strength  Estates-General: meeting of representatives from 3 classes to seek advice:  Church  nobility  towns  The king sought its advice, but did not wait for its consent to pass laws or taxes, so the monarchy’s power grew without restraint  the French monarchy became absolute  the British monarchy became limited  “estates” = classes

45. IV. Rescue of the Holy Land The Call The Crusaders: Their Motives The Campaigns – The First Crusade – The King’s Crusade – The “Diverted” Crusade – The Later Crusades The Consequences

46. The Call The Seljuk Turks moved into Palestine and seized the holy places of Christendom and disrupted travel to the sacred sites. They invaded Asia Minor and threatened the security of Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor appealed to Christians in the West for help. Christians coming back from travel would tell of the atrocities of the Muslims.

47. The Call In 1095, the Pope Urban II called for the first crusade to free the Holy Land from the Turks. –“It is the will of God!” – During the next 200 yrs, Europeans were obsessed with the winning of the Holy Land. – The people were convinced by the Roman church that their task was “God’s work” and that they were fighting a “holy war.” – symbol of the cross on their garments – “Crusaders” and “Crusades”

48. The Crusaders: Their Motives Desire to serve God, to defend the church Adventure Fame or fortune Knights enjoyed being back on the battlefield Greed The church: –Guaranteed the protection of the family and property of the Crusader while he was away –Criminals and debtors received pardons –Eternal life

49. The Campaigns 8 major campaigns from 1095 -1291 First Crusade: (1096-99) –Cause: Travel routes unsafe due to Muslims –Course: Eager peasants went ahead of the armies and barely survived the journey Those that did were routed by the Turks –Consequence: the Crusaders succeeded in capturing Jerusalem Established 4 small feudal kingdoms along the Mediterranean coastline

50. The Campaigns Second Crusade: (1147) –Cause: Muslims threatened the new “Crusader states” –Course: launch of the Second Crusade –Consequence: Crusaders were overrun by the Turks

51. The Campaigns King’s Crusade: (1189-92) (third) –Cause: In 1187 the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem under their new leader Saladin. –Course: 3 of the most powerful kings in Europe led the crusading armies: –Frederick Barbarossa of Germany –Philip Augustus of France –Richard the Lion-Hearted of England Largest crusade Conflict from the start

52. The Campaigns The “Diverted” Crusade: (1201-4) –Openly pursued political and economic ends –Attacked the city of Zara in the Adriatic sea (p.131) –Never raised a sword against the Muslims –Attacked the Byzantines who were the ones who asked for their help in the first place! –In 1204 Constantinople fell to the Crusaders who pillaged the city.

53. The Later Crusades The Fifth Crusade (1217-21) The Sixth Crusade (1228-29) The Seventh Crusade (1248-50) The Eight Crusade (1270-71) The Consequences