1. Neurobiological Factors in Schizophrenia

2. Overview Definition of Schizophrenia: Clinical Features – Component Symptoms – Endophenotype testing Mechanisms Etiology of Schizophrenia: Current Evidence – GABA control of network function – Dopamine Hypothesis – NMDA/Network Hypothesis – Genetic and Environmental Factors

3. According to data from the NIMH Epidemiological Catchment Area study, the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is: A.0.01%. B.0.1%. C.1%. D.5%. E. 10%

4. According to data from the NIMH Epidemiological Catchment Area study, the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is: A.0.01%. B.0.1%. C.1%. D.5%. E. 10%

5. Which of the following specific populations has the highest prevalence of schizophrenia? a.Child with one schizophrenic parent b.Non-twin sibling of a schizophrenic patient c.Monozygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient d.Child of two schizophrenic parents e.Dizygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient

6. Which of the following specific populations has the highest prevalence of schizophrenia? a.Child with one schizophrenic parent b.Non-twin sibling of a schizophrenic patient c.Monozygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient d.Child of two schizophrenic parents e.Dizygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient

7. NIMH Schizophrenia afflicts 1% of the general population 10% of people with an immediate family member with the disorder will also develop the disorder Someone with an identical twin with the disorder has a 40-65% chance of developing the disorder

8. The most common eye-tracking movement abnormality in patients with schizophrenia is inaccurate saccades (hypermetric or hypometric). impaired initiation of saccades (ocular apraxia). inappropriate saccades (saccadic intrusions). impersistence of gaze (large amplitude saccadic intrusions). abnormal saccadic velocity (slow saccades).

9. The most common eye-tracking movement abnormality in patients with schizophrenia is inaccurate saccades (hypermetric or hypometric). impaired initiation of saccades (ocular apraxia). inappropriate saccades (saccadic intrusions). impersistence of gaze (large amplitude saccadic intrusions). abnormal saccadic velocity (slow saccades).

10. Which of the following features is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with schizophrenia? a.Positive symptoms b.Married c.Early age onset d.Precipitating factors e.Family history of bipolar disorder

11. Which of the following features is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with schizophrenia? a.Positive symptoms b.Married c.Early age onset d.Precipitating factors e.Family history of bipolar disorder

12. Which of the following is NOT a likely characteristic of childhood-onset schizophrenia? a.Chronic course b.Unfavorable prognosis c.Acute onset d.Hallucinations e.Delusions

13. Which of the following is NOT a likely characteristic of childhood-onset schizophrenia? a.Chronic course b.Unfavorable prognosis c.Acute onset d.Hallucinations e.Delusions

14. Clinical Components of Schizophrenia: Symptom Types Positive Negative Cognitive  Delusions  Halucinations  Thought Disorder  Flat Affect  Poverty of Thought  Loss of Motivation  Social Withdrawal  Distractability  Impaired Working Memory  Disruption of Executive Function

15. Early-Onset Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized Speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative Symptoms: Flattened affect Anergia (lack of energy) Alogia (complete lack of speech) Avolition (lack of motivation) Social withdrawal Cognitive Symptoms: Borderline mental retardation

16. Which of the following features characterizes patients with schizophrenia who smoke cigarettes? Lower incidence of positive symptoms Less vulnerable to tardive dyskinesia Require more antidepressant medication Require more neuroleptic medication Require more depot neuroleptic medication

17. Which of the following features characterizes patients with schizophrenia who smoke cigarettes? Lower incidence of positive symptoms Less vulnerable to tardive dyskinesia Require more antidepressant medication Require more neuroleptic medication Require more depot neuroleptic medication

18. A patient who is being treated for schizophrenia has improved and stabilized on haloperidol 10 mg per day. The patient develops acute extrapyramidal symptoms. Which of the following events is the most likely cause? a. Use of a hallucinogen b. Cessation of smoking c. Addition of phenobarbital d. Addition of phenytoin e. Discontinuation of paroxetine

19. A patient who is being treated for schizophrenia has improved and stabilized on haloperidol 10 mg per day. The patient develops acute extrapyramidal symptoms. Which of the following events is the most likely cause? a. Use of a hallucinogen b. Cessation of smoking c. Addition of phenobarbital d. Addition of phenytoin e. Discontinuation of paroxetine

20. A patient with schizophrenia has had a poor response to three adequate trials of antipsychotic medications. The next therapeutic strategy to use includes: a.the addition of paroxetine. b.the addition of diazepam. c.a crossover to depot haloperidol. d.the addition of carbamazepine. e.a crossover to clozapine.

21. A patient with schizophrenia has had a poor response to three adequate trials of antipsychotic medications. The next therapeutic strategy to use includes: a.the addition of paroxetine. b.the addition of diazepam. c.a crossover to depot haloperidol. d.the addition of carbamazepine. e.a crossover to clozapine.

22. A patient who is being treated for schizophrenia has improved and stabilized on haloperidol 10 mg per day. The patient develops a return of characteristic psychotic symptoms following the addition of a medication for another condition. Which of the following medications is the most likely cause? a. Atenolol b. Efavirenz c. Doxycycline d. Carbamazepine e. Pravastatin

23. A patient who is being treated for schizophrenia has improved and stabilized on haloperidol 10 mg per day. The patient develops a return of characteristic psychotic symptoms following the addition of a medication for another condition. Which of the following medications is the most likely cause? a. Atenolol b. Efavirenz c. Doxycycline d. Carbamazepine e. Pravastatin

25. Testing For Schizophrenia: Endophenotypes

26. Network dysfunction in schizophrenia

27. Fletcher and Frith. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2009

29. Brain Activity Changes in Schizophrenia: Importance of the Prefrontal Cortex

30. White Matter Tract Disruption in Schizophrenia Cortical Connectivity Regional Connectivity

31. Schizophrenic Patients Show Increased Variability in Regional Activity

32. Abnormal Network Synchrony in Schizophrenic Patients Esslinger et al. Science 2009

33. Fletcher and Frith. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2009

34. How might there be altered connectivity in schizophrenia? Investigations of networks

35. Networks Disrupted in Schizophrenia Sensory-Motor Gating, Hallucinations Salience Detection, Distractability Cognitive Deficits, Delusional Thinking, Impaired Executive Function Memory Deficit, False Memories

36. Possible Mechanism of Network Disruption after Loss of Normal Function in Interneurons

37. Changes in markers of GABAergic Interneurons in Schizophrenia

38. Changes in marker of GABAergic Interneurons in Schizophrenia

39. Local Cortical Network Disruption in Schizophrenia

40. Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Methods of Treatment

41. Actions of Dopamine on PFC Function

42. Possible Mechanisms For the Involvement of Dopamine in Schizophrenia

43. The NMDA Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Psychotomimetic Drugs PCP, a noncompetative NMDAR antagonist, produces symptoms similar to Schizophrenia

44. The NMDA Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Psychotomimetic Drugs

45. Structure of the NMDA receptor

46. Changes in Network Activity Associated with NMDA Receptor Antagonists

47. Chronic Application of NMDAR Antagonists Recapitulates Interneuronal Changes Seen in Schizophrenia Cortical Parvalbumin Positive Structures

48. Schizophrenia is a developmental disorder Early detection of mutations and modulation of dysfunctional circuits during critical period may be the optimal treatment

49. Susceptibility Genes in Schizophrenia

51. Schizophrenia: Many Targets, Few Treatments

52. Abnormal Trafficking of NMDA Receptors In Schizophrenia

53. Mutations in Dysbindin Gene Are Linked to Increase in Incidence of Schizophrenia

54. Weickert et al., Schizophrenia Research 2008

55. Mutations in Dysbindin Gene Are Linked to Increase in Incidence of Schizophrenia Gray & Roth, Molecular Psychiatry 2007

56. Wei Li et al., BioEssays 2004

57. Mutations in DISC1 Gene Are Linked to Increase in Incidence of Schizophrenia

58. Roles of DISC1 in development and Function

59. Polymorphisms in DISC1 Affect Hippocampal Activation During Working Memory Tasks

60. Mutations in DISC1 Gene Are Linked to Increase in Incidence of Schizophrenia

61. COMT is involved in regionally specific dopamine regulation

62. Origin of Schizophrenia: Other Factors Epidemiological Studies Have Identified Factors in Early Development Associated with Higher Rates of Schizophrenia: – Fetal Malnutrition – Infection Induced Inflamation During Fetal Development – Increased Fetal Cytokine levels – Cannabinoid Activity?

63. Take home Current pharmacological tools (antipsychotics) treat positive symptoms only There are many non-invasive ways to assess some hallmark features of schizophrenia (ERP and PPI) There are many identified genetic factors which may predict disease onset Early identification of disruptions in NMDAR function (through PET imaging) and restoration of normal NMDAR function throughout development may be a way to prevent cognitive deficits and negative symptoms of schizophrenia