1. Plant Parts – The Roots Plants and Animals

2. Common Parts Almost all plants have three main parts: Roots Stems Leaves

3. Roots Most roots act as anchors. They also take in water from the soil through tiny parts called root hairs. Roots can store excess food for plants.

4. Roots can adapt to their environment. Desert roots spread far out but stay close to the surface so they can collect as much rain as possible. Forest roots do not need to spread out; they go deep into the ground to anchor the trees. Some trees have prop roots that begin above ground to keep them very secured.

5. Roots can adapt to their environment. Many plants have fibrous roots which look like little tree branches; helps prevent soil erosion and water loss. Some plants have tap roots that grow straight down into the ground, so they are able to reach water deep in the ground.

6. Roots can adapt to their environment. In tropical areas, roots attach themselves to the trees and take water in directly from the air.

7. Roots can adapt to their environment. Storage roots store extra nutrients, like sugar, inside of them. We eat many of these vegetables.

8. Plant Parts – The Stem Plants and Animals

9. Stems Hold plants up Support the leaves in the sunlight Carry water and nutrients from roots to leaves

10. Stems Most grow upwards, turning during the daylight. Some grow sideways. Every time the stem touches the ground, it anchors and starts a new plant.

11. Different types of stems Desert stems store food and water for the plant to survive. Small plants usually have soft, green stems. These stems usually die at the end of the growing season. Large plants, like trees, usually have tough, wood stems. These stems can live for hundreds of years.

12. Inside the Stem Most plants contain narrow tubes that carry water, minerals, and foot to different parts of the plant. Xylem: carries water and minerals up from the root to the leaves. Phloem: carries nutrients down from the leaves to the roots.

13. Inside the Stem In soft stems, xylem and phloem are arranged in bundles throughout the stem. In tough stems, xylem and phloem are arranged in separate rings.

14. Plant Parts – Leaves & Photosynthesis Plants and Animals

15. Leaves Come in many shapes, sizes, and arrangements. Most are very thin and flat to trap sunlight. All leaves contain chloroplasts, which have a chemical called chlorophyll in them – used in the process of photosynthesis.

16. Photosynthesis The process in which plants make food from the sunlight. Photo = light; synthesis = putting together Plants use water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to make food (sugar/glucose) and oxygen. Plants use some of the glucose that is made as food, and stores the rest as starch.

17. Photosynthesis

18. Cellular Respiration When plants have to use this stored starch for energy, they go through the process of cellular respiration. Plants take glucose and oxygen to make carbon dioxide, water, and food energy. Humans also do this.

19. Leaf structure Leaves have veins going through them, which hold the xylem and phloem. When the veins are full of water/nutrients, the plant does not wilt.

20. Leaf structure The upper surface of the leaf: upper epidermis. Thin and flat; traps sunlight. Has a waxy covering which helps prevent water loss; called a cuticle.

21. Leaf structure The bottom layer is the lower epidermis. This layer contain several tiny pores, called stomata, that can open and close to allow water and gases to move in and out of the leaf. Guard cells are located around the stomata, and change their shape forcing the stomata to open or close.

22. Leaf structure

23. Non-vascular vs. Vascular plants Plants and Animals

24. Non-vascular plants Plants that do not contain xylem and phloem are called non-vascular. These plants do not use tubes to move water and nutrients; instead, it just passes from one cell to another. They are limited in size because they do not have structure. Example: moss and liverworts

25. Non-vascular plants Do not have flowers, so they do not use seeds to reproduce. They use spores – single reproductive cells that grow into new plants.

26. Simple Vascular plants Like moss, these plants use spores to reproduce. They also have two different stages in their life cycle. Examples include ferns and horsetails.

27. Seeded Plants Spores are not as successful as growing into new plants, so the majority of plants fall into two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Both of these types of plants use seeds to reproduce and form new plants.

28. Gymnosperms Plants that have unprotected seeds. Most common: conifers, or cone-bearing plants. Pine trees, evergreens, firs, etc.

29. Conifers Most conifers produce both male and female cones on the same tree. Male cones produce pollen. Female cones can be as small as 2 cm or as large as almost 2 feet! They have woody plates, called scales, that protect them. Plants

30. Angiosperms Plants and Animals

31. Angiosperms Flowering plants Grasses, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.

32. Angiosperms Pollinated by wind, insects, and other small animals. Bright colors, shapes, and odors of flowering plants attract pollinators to them, and then the insects and animals carry the pollen on them.

33. Angiosperms Angiosperms produce fruit that protects their seeds, including apples, oranges, tomatoes, peanuts, and acorns. Keeps animals away from seeds and protects it in cold weather.

34. Plant Reproduction – Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Plants and Animals

35. Gymnosperms Remember: the same tree can contain both male and female cones that produce male and female cells. When these seeds join, they are able to produce new plants.

36. Angiosperms In angiosperms, male and female reproductive parts can be found on the same flower. The male parts make up the stamen and produce pollen. The female parts make up the pistil and produce eggs. We already learned that pollen can be carried by wind or pollinators to places where the eggs may be.

37. Angiosperms Before a flower blooms, it is called a bud. During this time, everything inside of the flower is covered by the sepals. Once bloomed, the sepals look like green petals.

38. Angiosperms Inside of the petals are the stamens, which are long, thin stalks. A flower can have several stamens, and each stamen has an anther at the top of it that produces pollen.

39. Angiosperms At the center of the flower is one pistil. Most of it is a long, narrow tube called the style. At the top of the style is the stigma, which is sticky to hold on to the pollen. (pollination) At the bottom of the style is the ovary, which holds the eggs.

40. Angiosperms

41. Methods of Pollination Self-pollination: the pollen of one flower joins a stigma on the same flower, normally due to wind. Cross-pollination: the pollen of one flower joins a stigma on a different flower; more common. Cross-pollination allows for more genetic diversity among plants; Gregor Mendel used this process with his pea plants.

42. Seeds Plants and Animals

43. Seeds Seed coat: outer covering that protects the seed. Embryo: inside of the seed; a tiny plant that has potential to grow.

44. Seeds Cotyledons: storage for food and water kept inside of the seed to supply nutrients to the seed. Monocot: plants with one cotyledon in their seeds (corn) Dicot: plants with two cotyledons in their seeds (beans)

45. Seed Dispersal Plants are adapted to disperse (scatter) their seeds. Maple trees have wing-shaped fruits that spin to slow down their fall, allowing the wind to carry them.

46. Seed Dispersal Many plants depend on animals, like oak trees. Squirrels carry their acorns to new places and bury them.

47. Seed Dispersal Some seeds have a rough covering called a bur. These stick to the fur of passing animals and eventually fall off.

48. Seed Germination Seeds need soil, warm temperatures, and enough water to grow. When the conditions are right, a seed will sprout, or germinate, and begin the next stage of its life.

49. Seed Germination Step 1: take in water. Step 2: the seed coat splits due to swelling. Step 3: the root begins to develop. Step 4: stem emerges and grows toward light. Step 5: growing plant, called seedling, uses food storage to grow. Step 6: leaves grow and use photosynthesis to make food. Step 7: once the plant is growing strong enough, the cotyledons drop off.

50. Seed Germination