1. Reflection What does it mean to be human? What does it mean to be human? What is the source of our “humanness”? What is the source of our “humanness”? Are we born with these human characteristics Are we born with these human characteristics Or, do we develop them through our interactions with others or our “socialization”? Or, do we develop them through our interactions with others or our “socialization”?

2. “Who Am I?” Take out a piece of paper Take out a piece of paper Answer this question 20 times Answer this question 20 times Respond “I am…” Respond “I am…”

3. Socialization The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self- identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self- identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

4. Hypothesize If we are socialized by external forces (nurture), are there any aspects of our social selves that might be in-born (nature)? If we are socialized by external forces (nurture), are there any aspects of our social selves that might be in-born (nature)? Is our need for human affection a product of nature or nurture? Is our need for human affection a product of nature or nurture? What can the monkeys tell us? What can the monkeys tell us?

5. Harry Harlow’s MonkeysHarry Harlow’s Monkeys

6. What does the “looking glass” tell us about ourselves?

7. The Looking Glass Self Imagine how your personality and appearance looks to other people Imagine how your personality and appearance looks to other people How are they judging you? How are they judging you? Is your self-concept favorable or unfavorable? Is your self-concept favorable or unfavorable?

8. John Locke Tabula Rasa Tabula Rasa Belief that all humans are born with a clean slate Belief that all humans are born with a clean slate Can be molded into any type of character Can be molded into any type of character Base our current theories on Locke’s ideas Base our current theories on Locke’s ideas

9. Mead and Cooley You first have to understand the Social Self (Mead and Cooley) You first have to understand the Social Self (Mead and Cooley) the self – part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image the self – part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image self develops through social interaction (exchange of symbols – ergo, symbolic interaction) self develops through social interaction (exchange of symbols – ergo, symbolic interaction) humans respond to “intended” meaning and not just the action humans respond to “intended” meaning and not just the action As part of self development, we take on roles, which helps us understand others’ intentions As part of self development, we take on roles, which helps us understand others’ intentions Eventually, we don’t need to take a role to see others’ perspectives; we develop: Eventually, we don’t need to take a role to see others’ perspectives; we develop: A looking-glass self – we see ourselves how others see us A looking-glass self – we see ourselves how others see us

11. Socialization and Behavior Is it just socialization? Is it just socialization? Remember Genie, Isabelle, and Anna – we are more than just our socialization; our behavior is affected by our genes, psychology, and environment as well Remember Genie, Isabelle, and Anna – we are more than just our socialization; our behavior is affected by our genes, psychology, and environment as well Does society make us human? Does society make us human? Does socialization explain behavior? Does socialization explain behavior? gender gender race race religion religion

12. Gender Gender  The behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity and femininity. Gender  The behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity and femininity.

13. Gender Gender Socialization  the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female. Gender Socialization  the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female.

14. Gender Who influences gender first? Who influences gender first? How is gender reinforced by this group? How is gender reinforced by this group? Gender Roles  the behaviors and attitudes expected of people because they are female or male. Gender Roles  the behaviors and attitudes expected of people because they are female or male.

15. Gender What is the most powerful group to influence gender after the family? What is the most powerful group to influence gender after the family? Peer Group  a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests. Peer Group  a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests.

16. Gender The other major influence on gender is the mass media. The other major influence on gender is the mass media. Advertising Advertising Television Television Video Games Video Games Anime Anime Music Music

17. Gender

19. Symbolic Interactionism and Socialization How does symbolic interactionism help us understand socialization? How does symbolic interactionism help us understand socialization? The self-concept (an image of yourself as having an identity separate from other people) The self-concept (an image of yourself as having an identity separate from other people) The looking-glass self (an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you) The looking-glass self (an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you) Significant others (those people whose reactions are most important to you) Significant others (those people whose reactions are most important to you) Role taking (assuming the viewpoint of another person and using that viewpoint to shape the self concept) Role taking (assuming the viewpoint of another person and using that viewpoint to shape the self concept) Imitation Stage Imitation Stage Mead’s first stage in the development of role taking, children begin to imitate behaviors without understanding why Mead’s first stage in the development of role taking, children begin to imitate behaviors without understanding why Play stage Play stage Mead’s second stage in the development of role taking, children act in ways they imagine other people would Mead’s second stage in the development of role taking, children act in ways they imagine other people would Game stage Game stage Mead’s third stage in the development of role taking, children anticipate the actions of others based on social rules Mead’s third stage in the development of role taking, children anticipate the actions of others based on social rules The generalized other (integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of one’s community or society) The generalized other (integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of one’s community or society)

22. Re-socialization Normally occurs with those criminals that have been “institutionalized” Normally occurs with those criminals that have been “institutionalized” What happens when socialization “fails? What happens when socialization “fails? Resocialization – efforts to radically change someone's personality, values, and behavior through intensive efforts Resocialization – efforts to radically change someone's personality, values, and behavior through intensive efforts usually involves carefully controlled environments ex: prisons, mental hospitals (in some cases) usually involves carefully controlled environments ex: prisons, mental hospitals (in some cases) What's the goal? What's the goal?

24. Re-socialization Is that really the goal? Is that really the goal? recidivism rate in the U.S. – about 67% recidivism rate in the U.S. – about 67% 85% of inmates do not have a high school diploma 85% of inmates do not have a high school diploma average inmate is functionally illiterate average inmate is functionally illiterate few prisons have formal education programs few prisons have formal education programs What, then, is the goal of the prison system? What, then, is the goal of the prison system? A better resocializer – behavioral treatment centers A better resocializer – behavioral treatment centers