1. The Reproductive Systems Division of the Species

2. Introduction Reproduction is requirement for life. Reproduction is requirement for life. Organisms must be able to perpetuate their species. Organisms must be able to perpetuate their species. Humans undergo sexual reproduction. Humans undergo sexual reproduction.

3. Introduction A flagellated sperm from the male fertilizes an ovum (egg) from the female. A flagellated sperm from the male fertilizes an ovum (egg) from the female. A zygote is the end result. A zygote is the end result. A zygote is a genetically diverse cell resulting from the fusing of ovum and sperm. A zygote is a genetically diverse cell resulting from the fusing of ovum and sperm.

4. Functions of Reproductive System The functions include: The functions include: Gamete Production (ovum and sperm) Gamete Production (ovum and sperm) Gamete Transportation Gamete Transportation Gamete Maintenance Gamete Maintenance Zygote/Fetus Maintenance Zygote/Fetus Maintenance Production of Sex Hormones Production of Sex Hormones

5. Meiosis In humans a somatic cell (body cell) is diploid. In humans a somatic cell (body cell) is diploid. It has 46 chromosomes. It has 46 chromosomes. Human gametes (sex cells) are haploid. Human gametes (sex cells) are haploid. It has 23 chromosomes. It has 23 chromosomes.

6. Meiosis Meiosis is the type of cell reproduction in which a diploid cell is divided and four haploid cells result. Meiosis is the type of cell reproduction in which a diploid cell is divided and four haploid cells result.

7. Meiosis Production of sperm is a specialized form of meiosis called spermatogenesis. Production of sperm is a specialized form of meiosis called spermatogenesis. Production of an ovum or egg is a specialized form of meiosis call oogenesis. Production of an ovum or egg is a specialized form of meiosis call oogenesis. Only 1 viable ovum is produced (the other three are called polar bodies). Only 1 viable ovum is produced (the other three are called polar bodies).

8. Meiosis Meiosis is divided into Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis is divided into Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis I is made up of Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis. Meiosis I is made up of Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis. Throughout the process a diploid cell is broken down into two haploid cells. Throughout the process a diploid cell is broken down into two haploid cells.

9. Meiosis Meiosis II is the second division of meiosis. Meiosis II is the second division of meiosis. It is divided into the same stages (THEY ARE DENOTED BY II). It is divided into the same stages (THEY ARE DENOTED BY II). The two haploid cells are split into four haploid cells. The two haploid cells are split into four haploid cells.

10. Meiosis

11. Organs of the Male Reproductive System The primary organs of the male reproductive system are the testes. The primary organs of the male reproductive system are the testes. They produce sperm and male sex hormones (including but not limited to testosterone). They produce sperm and male sex hormones (including but not limited to testosterone).

12. Organs of the Male Reproductive System These structures are contained in an external compartment called the scrotum. These structures are contained in an external compartment called the scrotum. Each teste is divided into lobules. Each teste is divided into lobules.

13. Organs of the Male Reproductive System Each lobule contains: Each lobule contains: Seminiferous tubules, which produce sperm under the influence of testosterone. Seminiferous tubules, which produce sperm under the influence of testosterone. Interstitial cells, which produce male sex hormones (including testosterone). Interstitial cells, which produce male sex hormones (including testosterone).

14. Organs of the Male Reproductive System The seminiferous tubules will unite and give rise to the epididymis. The seminiferous tubules will unite and give rise to the epididymis. The epididymis is a coiled tube which transports sperm to the vas deference. The epididymis is a coiled tube which transports sperm to the vas deference.

15. Organs of the Male Reproductive System The seminiferous tubules are lined with an epithelial tissue. The seminiferous tubules are lined with an epithelial tissue. This tissue is made up of: This tissue is made up of: Spermatogenic cells which give rise to sperm. Spermatogenic cells which give rise to sperm. Supporting (nurse) cells which support and nourish spermatogenic cells. Supporting (nurse) cells which support and nourish spermatogenic cells.

16. Spermatogenesis Males produce sperm from puberty throughout the rest of their life. Males produce sperm from puberty throughout the rest of their life. Spermatogonia cells are the diploid (46 chromosome) cells which produce the haploid (23 chromosome) sperm. Spermatogonia cells are the diploid (46 chromosome) cells which produce the haploid (23 chromosome) sperm.

17. Spermatogenesis The sperm is produced in the teste and is released in an immature state. The sperm is produced in the teste and is released in an immature state. They then grow to maturity in the epididymis. They then grow to maturity in the epididymis. Before this point they are incapable of fertilization. Before this point they are incapable of fertilization.

18. Sperm Structure A mature sperm consists of: A mature sperm consists of: Head Head Body (Midpiece) Body (Midpiece) Tail Tail

19. Sperm Structure The head contains the 23 chromosomes. The head contains the 23 chromosomes. It is covered by a helmet like structure called an acrosome. It is covered by a helmet like structure called an acrosome. It contains enzymes which help in breaching the wall of the ovum. It contains enzymes which help in breaching the wall of the ovum.

20. Sperm Structure The body contains many mitochondria. The body contains many mitochondria. They produce ATP which provides energy for the long trip to the ovum. They produce ATP which provides energy for the long trip to the ovum.

21. Sperm Structure The tail is a flagellum. The tail is a flagellum. It provides locomotion for the sperm. It provides locomotion for the sperm. Its whip like motion provides the action which propels the sperm. Its whip like motion provides the action which propels the sperm.

22. Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System At puberty, the hypothalamus secretes a “releasing hormone” which targets the male pituitary gland. At puberty, the hypothalamus secretes a “releasing hormone” which targets the male pituitary gland.

23. Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System The anterior pituitary gland secretes two hormones: The anterior pituitary gland secretes two hormones: Follicle stimulating hormone, which stimulates spermatogenesis. Follicle stimulating hormone, which stimulates spermatogenesis. Luteinizing hormone, which stimulates the production of male sex hormones. Luteinizing hormone, which stimulates the production of male sex hormones.

24. Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System Male sex hormones are called androgens. Male sex hormones are called androgens. Testosterone is the major male sex hormone. Testosterone is the major male sex hormone. It triggers the growth of hair follicles, production of muscle and bone and also vocal chords to lengthen. It triggers the growth of hair follicles, production of muscle and bone and also vocal chords to lengthen.

25. Secondary Male Reproductive Organs The vas deference is the muscular tube which passes upward from the testis into the abdominal cavity. The vas deference is the muscular tube which passes upward from the testis into the abdominal cavity.

26. Secondary Male Reproductive Organs The vas deference fuses with the ejaculatory duct within the prostate gland. The vas deference fuses with the ejaculatory duct within the prostate gland. This is the gland which stimulates ejaculation. This is the gland which stimulates ejaculation.

27. Secondary Male Reproductive Organs The seminal vesicle is a sac like structure attached to the vas deference. The seminal vesicle is a sac like structure attached to the vas deference. It secretes a milky fluid which gives nutrition to the sperm. It secretes a milky fluid which gives nutrition to the sperm. The fluid also aids in the sperms motility. The fluid also aids in the sperms motility.

28. Secondary Male Reproductive Organs The bulbourethral glands are two small structures located beneath the prostate. The bulbourethral glands are two small structures located beneath the prostate. They secrete a lubricant for the penis. They secrete a lubricant for the penis. Semen is the fluid which is made up of sperm, the fluid produced by the seminal vesicle and the lubricant produced by the bulbourethral gland. Semen is the fluid which is made up of sperm, the fluid produced by the seminal vesicle and the lubricant produced by the bulbourethral gland.

29. The Penis The penis is the male excitatory organ. The penis is the male excitatory organ. It is specialized to become erect and deliver semen which fertilizes the ovum. It is specialized to become erect and deliver semen which fertilizes the ovum.

30. The Penis The penis goes through four stages to release semen: The penis goes through four stages to release semen: Erection, spaces within the erectile tissue becomes filled with blood during stimulation. Erection, spaces within the erectile tissue becomes filled with blood during stimulation. Emission, movement of semen from the epididymis into the urethra Emission, movement of semen from the epididymis into the urethra Ejaculation, forceful movement of semen form the urethra to the outside. Ejaculation, forceful movement of semen form the urethra to the outside. Orgasm, culmination of stimulation which triggers the involuntary rhythmic contraction of the epididymis (causing emission and ejaculation). Orgasm, culmination of stimulation which triggers the involuntary rhythmic contraction of the epididymis (causing emission and ejaculation).

31. Organs of the Female Reproductive System The primary organs of the female reproductive system are the ovaries. The primary organs of the female reproductive system are the ovaries. They are a solid structure located on the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity. They are a solid structure located on the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity.

32. Organs of the Female Reproductive System The ovary is divided into two parts: The ovary is divided into two parts: Medulla, made up of CT, blood and lymph vessels and nerves. Medulla, made up of CT, blood and lymph vessels and nerves. Cortex, made up of ovarian follicles which are covered with germinal epithelium. Cortex, made up of ovarian follicles which are covered with germinal epithelium.

33. Oogenesis Oogenesis is very similar to spermatogenesis. Oogenesis is very similar to spermatogenesis. The primary difference is the fact that only one viable egg is produced with each round of meiosis. The primary difference is the fact that only one viable egg is produced with each round of meiosis. The other three structures are called polar bodies. The other three structures are called polar bodies.

34. Oogenesis These polar bodies lack essential organelles such as mitochondria. These polar bodies lack essential organelles such as mitochondria. The lack of enough organelles within the cell cause the occurrence of polar bodies. The lack of enough organelles within the cell cause the occurrence of polar bodies.

35. Ovulation During a woman's child bearing years follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the maturation of one primordial follicle into an ovum. During a woman's child bearing years follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the maturation of one primordial follicle into an ovum. A woman is born with the number of primordial follicles (and in turn eggs) that she will ever have. A woman is born with the number of primordial follicles (and in turn eggs) that she will ever have.

36. Ovulation Over a 14 day period each month the follicle will mature. Over a 14 day period each month the follicle will mature. Once it matures Luteinizing hormone will cause the follicle to burst releasing a secondary oocyte. Once it matures Luteinizing hormone will cause the follicle to burst releasing a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte is then drawn into the fallopian tube. The secondary oocyte is then drawn into the fallopian tube.

37. The Fallopian Tubes The fallopian tubes are the tubes which connect the ovaries to the uterus. The fallopian tubes are the tubes which connect the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization will USUALLY take place here. Fertilization will USUALLY take place here.

38. The Uterus The uterus is a muscular organ which receives the embryo and sustains its life during development. The uterus is a muscular organ which receives the embryo and sustains its life during development.

39. The Uterus The uterine wall is composed of three layers: The uterine wall is composed of three layers: Endometrium, inner lining Endometrium, inner lining Myometrium, middle layer of smooth muscle making up bulk of uterus Myometrium, middle layer of smooth muscle making up bulk of uterus Perimetrium, visceral covering Perimetrium, visceral covering

40. The Uterus The lower third of the uterus begins to narrow forming the cervix. The lower third of the uterus begins to narrow forming the cervix.

41. Secondary Female Reproductive Organs The vagina is the passageway from the cervix to the outside. The vagina is the passageway from the cervix to the outside. The labia are flaps of skin and fat which serve as a protective covering for the vagina and cervix. The labia are flaps of skin and fat which serve as a protective covering for the vagina and cervix. The clitoris is the female excitatory organ. The clitoris is the female excitatory organ.

42. Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive System A female is reproductively immature until approximately 8 years of age. A female is reproductively immature until approximately 8 years of age. Gonadotropins are the hormones which signal the growth and maturation of puberty. Gonadotropins are the hormones which signal the growth and maturation of puberty.

43. Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive System There are two gonadotropins: There are two gonadotropins: Follicle stimulating hormone, secreted from day 0 to day 14 of menstruation. Follicle stimulating hormone, secreted from day 0 to day 14 of menstruation. Signals the maturation of primary oocyte. Signals the maturation of primary oocyte. Luteinizing hormone, secreted during day 14 thru 30. Luteinizing hormone, secreted during day 14 thru 30. Causes the release of secondary oocyte into fallopian tube. Causes the release of secondary oocyte into fallopian tube.

44. Gestation Gestation is the time a zygote, embryo and fetus are carried in the female reproductive tract. Gestation is the time a zygote, embryo and fetus are carried in the female reproductive tract. Gestation is complete approximately 266 days from fertilization (9 months). Gestation is complete approximately 266 days from fertilization (9 months).

45. Gestation Fetal development goes from one cell called a blastocyte and will continue until a fully functioning human being is developed. Fetal development goes from one cell called a blastocyte and will continue until a fully functioning human being is developed. Cell differentiation is what allows for the specialized structures seen in humans. Cell differentiation is what allows for the specialized structures seen in humans. Fetal Development Fetal Development Fetal Development Fetal Development