1. Astro 18 – Section Week 2 EM Spectrum

2. ElectroMagnetic Radiation Energy moves in waves with electrical and magnetic components Energy moves in waves with electrical and magnetic components All EMR travels at speed of light in a vacuum All EMR travels at speed of light in a vacuum

3. ElectroMagnetic Radiation Energy = hν where v = c/λ Energy = hν where v = c/λ 1427583133.3 Hz 1427583133.3 Hz Or 1.4276 GHz Or 1.4276 GHz E= 9.4592×10 -25 J E= 9.4592×10 -25 J 21cm line (HI) has what frequency & energy? 21cm line (HI) has what frequency & energy? h = 6.626068 × 10 -34 m 2 kg / s

4. ElectroMagnetic Radiation

6. Wien’s Law Distribution of radiated energy from blackbody at T 1 has same shape as distribution at T 2 except it’s displaced on the graph Distribution of radiated energy from blackbody at T 1 has same shape as distribution at T 2 except it’s displaced on the graph λ max = b/T b= 2.8977685×10- 3 m·K T = temp in Kelvin

7. Wien’s Law - Sun First need temperature of sun First need temperature of sun Total power radiated = 4*10 26 Watts Total power radiated = 4*10 26 Watts Radius = 7*10 8 meters Radius = 7*10 8 meters Then, λ max = b/T b = 2.8977685×10- 3 m·K Then, λ max = b/T b = 2.8977685×10- 3 m·K

8. Wien’s Law - Sun

9. Wien’s Law - Student Body temp ~ 98°F Body temp ~ 98°F Convert to Kelvin Convert to Kelvin λ max = b/T b = 2.8977685×10- 3 m·K λ max = b/T b = 2.8977685×10- 3 m·K So λ max = 10μm which is far-IR So λ max = 10μm which is far-IR

10. Spectral Lines 2 Types: 2 Types: Emission Emission Absorption Absorption

11. Emission Lines Cloud of gas, warmer than background Cloud of gas, warmer than background

12. Emission Lines

13. Absorption Lines Hot source behind cloud of cold gas Hot source behind cloud of cold gas

14. Absorption Lines Useful in planetary atmospheres Useful in planetary atmospheres The deeper absorption line at 760nm is caused by our atmosphere's oxygen molecule. The two absorption lines at 720 and 890nm (from methane) appear on Saturn and Titan, but the rings do not have them The deeper absorption line at 760nm is caused by our atmosphere's oxygen molecule. The two absorption lines at 720 and 890nm (from methane) appear on Saturn and Titan, but the rings do not have them

15. Doppler Shift Classic sound example: Classic sound example: Because the source of the sound is moving towards/away from you Because the source of the sound is moving towards/away from you

16. Doppler Shift Same thing occurs with light from stars, etc Same thing occurs with light from stars, etc In H, the transition from level 2  1 has a rest wavelength of 121.6 nm. Suppose you see this line at a wavelength of 121.3 nm in star A and 122.9 nm in star B. Calculate each star’s speed and state if it’s moving towards or away from us. In H, the transition from level 2  1 has a rest wavelength of 121.6 nm. Suppose you see this line at a wavelength of 121.3 nm in star A and 122.9 nm in star B. Calculate each star’s speed and state if it’s moving towards or away from us.

17. Red Shift & Distance In general everything is moving away from us - expanding universe In general everything is moving away from us - expanding universe Red shift can be used to calculate distance to objects (Hubble’s Law) Red shift can be used to calculate distance to objects (Hubble’s Law)

18. Redshift & Distance For this galaxy, the measured wavelength of the Ca K line was 3962.0 Å, rest wavelength for Ca K is 3933.7 Å For this galaxy, the measured wavelength of the Ca K line was 3962.0 Å, rest wavelength for Ca K is 3933.7 Å

19. Redshift & Distance NGC 1357 NGC 1357

20. Exoplanet Detection Orbit of planet causes star to “wobble” because they share a common center of mass Orbit of planet causes star to “wobble” because they share a common center of mass Need high resolution and lots of time! Need high resolution and lots of time! Jupiter  13m/s over 12 years Jupiter  13m/s over 12 years Earth  0.1m/s over 1 year Earth  0.1m/s over 1 year years Exoplanets Detected

21. Exoplanet Detection star's velocity shows a periodic variance of ±1 m/s, suggesting an orbiting mass that is creating a gravitational pull on this star star's velocity shows a periodic variance of ±1 m/s, suggesting an orbiting mass that is creating a gravitational pull on this star Use Kepler’s third law – period of planet (equal to period of variation in star’s spectrum) used to get radius Use Kepler’s third law – period of planet (equal to period of variation in star’s spectrum) used to get radius

22. Exoplanet Detection Kepler: Kepler: Orbit Eqn: Orbit Eqn: Mass Eqn: Mass Eqn:

23. Exoplanet Detection Planet orbiting 51Peg has an orbital period of 4.23 days, the star’s mass is 1.06M sun. What is the planet’s orbital distance? Planet orbiting 51Peg has an orbital period of 4.23 days, the star’s mass is 1.06M sun. What is the planet’s orbital distance? And it’s mass? And it’s mass?

24. Exoplanet Detection