1. Chapter 12-1 Brain Development from one to three

2. The Role of intelligence
Intelligence- the ability to interpret and understand everyday situations and to use prior experiences when faced with new situations or problems.
Capacity to learn
Heredity(20%) and environment (80%) shape intelligence.
Environment should include:
Promotes learning and stimulates senses
Interactions with caregivers
Appropriate play things
Plenty of encouragement

3. Incidental Learning
Unplanned learning
Example child pushing a button and cause music to play
Examples?

4. Trial-and-error learning
A child tries several solutions before finding one that works.
Example: Child trying to use her brothers toy
Child trying to use her brothers toy

5. Imitation Learning by watching and copying others
Example: Children copying older brother or sister

6. Directed Learning
Learning that results from being taught, often by parents, caregivers, teachers, or older siblings.
Examples:
at school- learning the alphabet by pictures
At home- demonstrating how to play Go Fish
Examples?

7. Concept Development
Concepts-general categories of objects and information and the words for those concepts in stages.
Categorize objects by shape, color, and size
Example: Toddler might think any round food is a cookie

8. Attention
At any given moment the 5 senses are bombarded with information.
What is going on right now?!-how are you using your 5 senses this very moment?
In order to function, we must have the ability to focus our attention on the task at hand and block out the sensory information.
Infants and young children are unable to do this
They try to make sense of everything and that is why they are easily distracted

9. Memory Without memory there would be no learning
Experiences that are forgotten cannot affect later actions or thoughts
Short-term memory= is brief and allows people to accomplish many everyday tasks without burdening the brain with storing unimportant information indefinitely
Example: looking up a number in a phone book
Long-term memory= is for more important data
First the information must enter the short-term memory and be judged if important to remember .
Then it is stored in the long-term memory

10. Demonstrating Memory
Babies- learn to recognize faces of primary caregivers. (faces and foods)
6months to 1year- recall memory- ability to remember more for longer periods of time.
Example: they do not like cats because one scratched them
3 years old- develops long term memory= can retain facts

11. Challenge!! Brainstorm ways to define the concept of
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
You will be trying to explain these words to a 3 year old
This is a hard concept for a 3 year old to grasp

12. Perception The information received through the senses
This sensory information reinforces established connections in the brain and sparks new ones.
Two and three year olds say: Why? What’s that?
Helps improve perception
How can caregivers help?
Answer children’s questions
Talking about what you are doing
Use descriptive observations
If taking a walk outside, what could you say?

13. Reasoning
Is necessary to gain the ability to solve problems and make decisions and is also important in recognizing relationships and forming concepts
Babies show signs of simple problem solving at 4 to 6 months
Children learn to make good decisions through PRACTICE
What kinds of decision-making opportunities might be appropriate to offer to a 3 year old?

14. Challenge!! With a partner discuss ways to avoid saying “NO”.
Think of ways to tell a child without saying “no” that he cannot:
Have ice cream for breakfast
Ride his tricycle in the house
Climb up on the roof of the garage

15. imagination Becomes apparent at about 2 years of age
Enhances learning because allows the child to try new things and act out a variety of roles.
Example?
Calms child’s fears…lets parents aware of emotions
Hard to tell the difference between reality and imagination

16. Creativity The imagination is used to produce original ideas
Are often displayed through an object others can see-painting or drawing
Can also be:
Daydreams
Dramatic play
Silly stories

17. How to encourage imagination and creativity
Encourage exploration-
drawing, clay, building, dressing up, telling stories
Provide multipurpose toys
can use more than one way
Blocks, boxes
Allow for unstructured time
Small amount of tv
Resist the inner critic
Respond if child drew a cat with 3 eyes-question
Reward the young creator
Display child’s picture
Talk to family members about drawing

18. Curiosity Helps brain development and learning
Causes children to wonder “WHY” and “HOW”
Children need the freedom to explore