1. Chapter 37 THE CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY & IMMUNE SYSTEMS **Only responsible for knowing YELLOW and RED terms/concepts** THE CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY & IMMUNE SYSTEMS **Only responsible for knowing YELLOW and RED terms/concepts**

2. Chapter 37.1 The Circulatory System

3. CIRCULATORY = TRANSPORTATION  Circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood that flows within.  Main function is to transport oxygen and nutrients and dispose of waste.  Circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood that flows within.  Main function is to transport oxygen and nutrients and dispose of waste.

4. THE HEART  The heart is an organ that pumps blood. It is mostly composed of layers of muscle, myocardium.  4 Chambers:  Left/Right Atrium: receives blood  Left/Right Ventricle: pumps blood out of heart  Left = oxygenated (red)  Right = deoxygenated (blue)  Pulmonary Circulation: pumps blood between heart and lungs  Systemic Circulation: pumps blood between heart and body  Valves: close when ventricles contract; keep blood moving in one direction  The heart is an organ that pumps blood. It is mostly composed of layers of muscle, myocardium.  4 Chambers:  Left/Right Atrium: receives blood  Left/Right Ventricle: pumps blood out of heart  Left = oxygenated (red)  Right = deoxygenated (blue)  Pulmonary Circulation: pumps blood between heart and lungs  Systemic Circulation: pumps blood between heart and body  Valves: close when ventricles contract; keep blood moving in one direction

5. THE HEARTBEAT  Pacemaker: group of cells in the SA node that “set the pace” of the heart  Impulse spreads from SA node to atria then to AV node and ventricles  Pacemaker: group of cells in the SA node that “set the pace” of the heart  Impulse spreads from SA node to atria then to AV node and ventricles

6. BLOOD VESSELS (Fig. 37-5)  Three Types of Vessels:  Arteries: thick vessels that carry blood Away from the heart; high pressure  Capillaries: smallest vessels; where exchange occurs  Veins: vessels that return blood to the heart; some contain valves to keep blood flow in one direction; skeletal muscles increase venous return  Three Types of Vessels:  Arteries: thick vessels that carry blood Away from the heart; high pressure  Capillaries: smallest vessels; where exchange occurs  Veins: vessels that return blood to the heart; some contain valves to keep blood flow in one direction; skeletal muscles increase venous return

7. BLOOD PRESSURE  Blood pressure: pressure of blood on vessel walls  Sphygmomanometer: device used to measure blood pressure  Normal measurement: 120/80  First measurement: systolic pressure  Second measurement: diastolic pressure  Medulla oblongata regulates blood pressure with neurotransmitters  Blood pressure: pressure of blood on vessel walls  Sphygmomanometer: device used to measure blood pressure  Normal measurement: 120/80  First measurement: systolic pressure  Second measurement: diastolic pressure  Medulla oblongata regulates blood pressure with neurotransmitters

8. CIRCULATORY DISEASES  Atherosclerosis: plaques (fat deposits) form on vessel walls  Narrowed arteries make the heart work harder to pump blood  Clots can form and break off into vessels of the brain, causing a stroke.  Atherosclerosis: plaques (fat deposits) form on vessel walls  Narrowed arteries make the heart work harder to pump blood  Clots can form and break off into vessels of the brain, causing a stroke.

9. 37.2 BLOOD & THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

10. BLOOD PLASMA  Blood collects…  Oxygen from lungs  Nutrients from digestive system  Waste from tissues  Blood composition:  45% cells  55% plasma (fluid in blood, mostly water)  Blood collects…  Oxygen from lungs  Nutrients from digestive system  Waste from tissues  Blood composition:  45% cells  55% plasma (fluid in blood, mostly water)

11. BLOOD CELLS  Red Blood Cells (RBCs):  Carry oxygen  Hemoglobin: iron-containing protein that binds oxygen  Biconcave shape  No nuclei; life cycle ~120 days  White Blood Cells (WBCs):  Guard against infection, fight parasites and attack bacteria  Phagocytes “eat” pathogens  Lymphocytes: immune response (T- cell, B-cells)  Red Blood Cells (RBCs):  Carry oxygen  Hemoglobin: iron-containing protein that binds oxygen  Biconcave shape  No nuclei; life cycle ~120 days  White Blood Cells (WBCs):  Guard against infection, fight parasites and attack bacteria  Phagocytes “eat” pathogens  Lymphocytes: immune response (T- cell, B-cells)

12. PLATELETS AND CLOTTING  Platelets: fragments of large cells found in bone marrow  “sticky” platelets clump together and form a clot at damaged sites; a protein cascade forms tough fibers to seal the wound  Can you think of a disease where clotting factors are mutated?  Platelets: fragments of large cells found in bone marrow  “sticky” platelets clump together and form a clot at damaged sites; a protein cascade forms tough fibers to seal the wound  Can you think of a disease where clotting factors are mutated?

13. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (SKIP)  Lymphatic system: network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collect fluid lost by the blood and return it back to the circulatory system.  Lymph carries lymphocytes throughout the body.  Thymus: gland where T-cells mature  Lymphatic system: network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collect fluid lost by the blood and return it back to the circulatory system.  Lymph carries lymphocytes throughout the body.  Thymus: gland where T-cells mature

14. Chapter 37.3 The Respiratory System

15. HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Respiration:  Food  Energy (cellular)  Gas exchange  Function: gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between blood, the air, and tissues  Organs: nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs  Respiration:  Food  Energy (cellular)  Gas exchange  Function: gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between blood, the air, and tissues  Organs: nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs

16. ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Pharynx: passage of air and food  Trachea: passage of air  Epiglottis: tissue blocks trachea during swallowing (prevents choking)  Cilia and mucus: warm, moisten, and filter air to keep lungs clean  Pharynx: passage of air and food  Trachea: passage of air  Epiglottis: tissue blocks trachea during swallowing (prevents choking)  Cilia and mucus: warm, moisten, and filter air to keep lungs clean  Larynx: vibration of vocal cords produce sound (voice box)  Bronchi: branch into the lungs  Bronchi  Bronchioles  Alveoli  Alveoli: tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries; where gas exchange occurs (fig. 37-14, p. 958) WATCH ME!!

17. GAS EXCHANGE  Occurs between the alveoli and capillaries  Oxygen: alveoli  blood  Carbon dioxide: blood  alveoli  Occurs between the alveoli and capillaries  Oxygen: alveoli  blood  Carbon dioxide: blood  alveoli

18. BREATHING (SKIP)  Diaphragm: flat muscle underneath lungs (CNS control)  Pressure controls breathing (high  low)  Inhale (breath in): diaphragm contracts, chest rises, low lung pressure  Exhale (breath out): diaphragm relaxes, chest lowers, high lung pressure  Diaphragm: flat muscle underneath lungs (CNS control)  Pressure controls breathing (high  low)  Inhale (breath in): diaphragm contracts, chest rises, low lung pressure  Exhale (breath out): diaphragm relaxes, chest lowers, high lung pressure

19. TOBACCO & THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (SKIP)  Nicotine: addictive chemical, increases heart rate and blood pressure  Carbon monoxide: prevents oxygen binding to hemoglobin  Tar: cancerous compounds  Nicotine: addictive chemical, increases heart rate and blood pressure  Carbon monoxide: prevents oxygen binding to hemoglobin  Tar: cancerous compounds