1. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–11–1 Chapter One Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–21–2 What Is Psychology? The science of behavior and mental processes

3. Module 1.1 Foundations of Modern Psychology

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–41–4 Origins of Psychology Greek roots –Psyche “mind” –Logos “study” or “knowledge” Ancient Greek philosophers –Socrates (ca. 469-399 B.C.) –Plato (ca. 428-348 B.C.) –Aristotle (ca. 384-332 B.C.) Confucius (ca. 551-479 B.C.)

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–51–5 Origins of Psychology (cont’d) Late 19 th century –Emergence of psychology as a scientific discipline Gustav Theodor Fechner –Study of psychophysics Hermann von Helmholtz –Study of sensation and perception Wilhelm Wundt –Founder of psychology as independent science

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–61–6 Early Psychology: Structuralism Defining the structure of the mind Breaking down mental experience into parts Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) –Method of introspection Edward Titchener (1867-1927) G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–71–7 Early Psychology: Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Focus on functions of behavior –Why we do what we do –Influence of Darwin’s theory of evolution Adaptive behaviors more likely to survive Focus on stream of consciousness

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–81–8 Early Psychology: Behaviorism John Watson (1878-1958) Study of behavior: overt and observable Rejection of introspection

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–91–9 Early Psychology: Gestalt Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Gestalt: “unitary form” or “pattern” Focus on how the brain organizes information –Unified or organized wholes –“Whole is greater than the sum of the parts”

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–10 Early Psychology: Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Focus on unconscious mind –Primitive drives, wishes, impulses Key role of childhood experiences

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–11 Contemporary Psychology Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic Physiological Cognitive Sociocultural

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–12 Behavioral Perspective Traditional behavioral perspective –Focus on observable behavior –Impact of learning on behavior Environmental factors Rewards, punishments Social-cognitive theory Behavior therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–13 Psychodynamic Perspective Early founder: Sigmund Freud Today’s “neo-Freudians” Focus on –Unconscious life of the mind Fantasies Wishes Dreams Hidden motives…

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–14 Humanistic Perspective Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Emphasis on –Free will –Conscious choice and experiences –Unique characteristics –Self-awareness

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–15 Physiological Perspective Relationships between biological processes and behavior Study of –Brain, nervous system –Hormones –Heredity Evolutionary psychology

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–16 Cognitive Perspective Study mental processes, acquisition of knowledge, information –Thinking –Language –Memory –Decision making –Problem solving

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–17 Sociocultural Psychology Social and cultural influences on behavior –Ethnicity –Gender –Lifestyle –Income level –Culture

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–18 Module 1.2 Psychologists: Who They Are and What They Do

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–19 Images of “A Psychologist” Typical: Clinical Psychologist Many other types and activities –Teaching –Research –Schools –Businesses

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–20 Psychological Research Basic research –Focuses on acquiring knowledge, even if no practical application Applied research –Focuses on finding solutions to specific problems

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–21 Specialty Areas Experimental psychology Clinical psychology Counseling psychology School psychology Educational psychology Developmental psychology Personality psychology Social psychology Environmental psychology Industrial/Organizational psychology Health psychology Consumer psychology Neuropsychology Geropsychology Forensic psychology Sports psychology

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–22 Psychology and Diversity Women in early psychology –Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930) –Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) –Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) African Americans in early psychology –Gilbert Haven Jones (1883-1966) –Francis Sumner (1895-1954) –Kenneth Clark (b. 1914)

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–23 Module 1.3 Research Methods in Psychology

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–24 Empirical Approach Make conclusions based on –Experiments –Careful observation

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–25 Objectives of Science Description –Observations vs. inferences Explanation –Theories Prediction Control –Variables

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–26 Myths and Misconceptions of Psychology “Psychologists can read people’s minds” Fact: No

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–27 Myths and Misconceptions of Psychology “Psychology is not a true science” Fact: Psychology is grounded in the scientific method

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–28 Myths and Misconceptions of Psychology “Psychologists manipulate people like puppets” Fact: Emphasis on helping not manipulation

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–29 Myths and Misconceptions of Psychology “There can be only one true theory” Fact: No one theory accounts for all forms of behavior

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–30 Myths and Misconceptions of Psychology “Psychotherapy is useless” Fact: Evidence shows effectiveness of psychotherapy

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–31 Myths and Misconceptions of Psychology “People cannot change—they are what they are” Fact: Evidence shows people can change

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–32 The Scientific Method Developing a research question Forming a hypothesis Gathering evidence Drawing conclusions –Use of statistics, statistical significance –Replication

33. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–33 Research Methods Case study Survey method Naturalistic observation Correlational method Experimental method

34. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–34 Case Study In-depth study of one or more individuals Uses –Interviews –Observation –Records Limitations of case studies/anecdotes

35. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–35 Survey Method Data gathered from groups of people –Structured interviews –Questionnaires Goal: generalize from sample to population –Random sampling Problems –Social desirability bias –Volunteer bias

36. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–36 Naturalistic Observation Direct observation of behavior in natural environment

37. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–37 Correlational Method Relationship between two variables –Examples Correlation coefficient Positive vs. negative correlations Limit: Correlation is not causation –Cannot tell why variables are linked

38. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–38 Benefits of Correlational Method Offers clues to causes Identifies groups at risk Increases understanding of relationships between events

39. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–39 Experimental Method Explore cause-and-effect relationships Manipulate an independent variable –Does it impact a dependent variable?

40. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–40 Experimental Method Participants Independent variable: control group Independent variable: experimental group Random Assignment Measure dependent variable: Is there a difference?

41. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–41 Experimental Method Problem of the placebo effect Solution –Use of placebo with single-blind or double-blind procedure

42. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–42 Ethical Principles in Psychological Research Purpose –Promote individual dignity –Protect human welfare –Preserve scientific integrity Role of ethics review committees Role of informed consent Importance of confidentiality

43. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–43 Ethical Principles in Psychological Research Extended to animal research

44. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–44 Module 1.4 Application: Becoming a Critical Thinker

45. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1–45 Features of Critical Thinking Question everything Clarify what you mean Avoid oversimplifying Avoid overgeneralizing Don’t confuse correlation with causation Consider assumptions Examine sources Question evidence Consider alternative explanations