1. Sentences II

2. Simplifying Sentences Exercise

3. Make sentences as simple as possible but no simpler

4. I am 6 years old and the bell rings for recess on my first day at school causing all my classmates to run gleefully away. But unlike them I cannot see, at least not with my eyes, and instead, I click my tongue, listening for echoes from the wall to my left, walking with my hands slightly outstretched to keep me from running into chairs that may have been left askew. I hear kids laughing and shouting through the open door and, by clicking, I also hear the presence of the sides of the doorway in front of me as I go through it to the playground for the first time. After a few steps, I stop to listen, standing on a crack in the pavement that runs parallel to the building behind me and then click my tongue loudly and turn my head from side to side, noticing that the way is open, shot through with scurrying voices and shoes scampering to and fro. What is around me, how do I get there and how do I get back? Exercise

5. I am 6 years old. The bell rings for recess It's my first day at school. All my classmates run gleefully away. I am not like them. I cannot see. At least, not with my eyes. I click my tongue. I listen for echoes from the wall to my left. I walk with my hands slightly outstretched. This keeps me from running into chairs. The chairs may have been left askew. I hear kids laughing through the open door I hear kids shouting too By clicking I also hear the presence of the sides of the doorway The doorway is in front of me. I go through it to the playground It is my first visit to the playground. I take a few steps. I stop to listen. I stand on a crack in the pavement The pavement runs parallel to the building behind me. I click my tongue loudly. I turn my head from side to side. The way is open There are scurrying voices Shoes scamper to and fro. What is around me? How do I get there? How do I get back?

6. I am 6 years old and it's my first day at school. The bell rings for recess and all my classmates run gleefully away. But unlike them I cannot see. At least, not with my eyes. Instead, I click my tongue, listening for echoes from the wall to my left. I walk with my hands slightly outstretched to keep me from running into chairs that may have been left askew. I hear kids laughing and shouting through the open door, and by clicking I also hear the presence of the sides of the doorway in front of me. I go through it to the playground for the first time. After a few steps, I stop to listen. I stand on a crack in the pavement that runs parallel to the building behind me. I click my tongue loudly and turn my head from side to side. The way is open, shot through with scurrying voices and shoes scampering to and fro. What is around me? How do I get there? How do I get back? “Seeing with sound” New Scientist, 11 April 2009

7. Long sentences I am 6 years old and the bell rings for recess on my first day at school causing all my classmates to run gleefully away but unlike them I cannot see, at least not with my eyes, and instead, I click my tongue, listening for echoes from the wall to my left, walking with my hands slightly outstretched to keep me from running into chairs that may have been left askew. 71 words

8. Long sentences Here we report that the stellar masses of brightest cluster galaxies, which are the most luminous objects emitting stellar light, some 9 billion years ago are not significantly different from their stellar masses today. 51 words

9. Long sentences Here we report that the stellar masses of brightest cluster galaxies, which are the most luminous objects emitting stellar light, some 9 billion years ago are not significantly different from from their stellar masses today.

10. Long sentences Brightest cluster galaxies are the most luminous objects emitting stellar light. Here we report that the stellar masses of brightest cluster galaxies some 9 billion years ago are not significantly different from their stellar masses today.

11. Long sentences Brightest cluster galaxies are the most luminous objects emitting stellar light. Here we report that the stellar masses of these objects some 9 billion years ago are not significantly different from their stellar masses today.

12. Long sentences Brightest cluster galaxies are the most luminous objects emitting stellar light. Here we report that the stellar masses of these objects have not significantly changed in the last 9 billion years.

13. Research investigating the origins of life usually focuses on exploring possible life-bearing chemistries in the pre-biotic Earth, or else on synthetic approaches. Little work has been done exploring fundamental issues concerning the spontaneous emergence of life using only concepts (such as information and evolution) that are divorced from any particular chemistry. Here, I advocate studying the probability of spontaneous molecular self- replication as a function of the information contained in the replicator, and the environmental conditions that might enable this emergence. I show that (under certain simplifying assumptions) the probability to discover a self-replicator by chance depends exponentially on the rate of formation of the monomers. If the rate at which monomers are formed is somewhat similar to the rate at which they would occur in a self-replicating polymer, the likelihood to discover such a replicator by chance is increased by many orders of magnitude. I document such an increase in searches for a self-replicator within the digital life system avida

14. Long sentences Using a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification for graphene synthesis, here we show graphene-based supercapacitors with high stability and significantly-improved electrical double layer capacitance and energy density with fast charging and discharging time at a high current density, due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility in deeper regions.

15. Long sentences The electrons ionised the gas

16. Long sentences The electrons supplied by powdered copper ionised the gas

17. Long sentences The electrons supplied by powdered copper ionised the rapidly expanding halogen gas

18. Long sentences The electrons supplied by powdered copper ionised the rapidly expanding halogen gas in a short period of time

19. Long sentences The electrons supplied by powdered copper ionised the rapidly expanding halogen gas in a short period of time

20. Long sentences Using a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification for graphene synthesis, here we show graphene-based supercapacitors with high stability and significantly-improved electrical double layer capacitance and energy density with fast charging and discharging time at a high current density, due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility in deeper regions.

21. Long sentences We used a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification to synthesis graphene. Here we show graphene-based supercapacitors with high stability and significantly-improved electrical double layer capacitance and energy density with fast charging and discharging time at a high current density, due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility in deeper regions

22. Long sentences We synthesised graphene using a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification. Here we show graphene-based supercapacitors with high stability and significantly-improved electrical double layer capacitance and energy density with fast charging and discharging time at a high current density, due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility in deeper regions.

23. Long sentences We synthesised graphene using a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification. Using this graphene, we built highly stable supercapacitors with improved double-layer capacitance and improved energy density. with fast charging and discharging time at a high current density, due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility in deeper regions

24. Long sentences We synthesised graphene using a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification. Using this graphene, we built highly stable supercapacitors with improved double-layer capacitance and improved energy density. These devices also have a fast charging and discharging time at high current density, due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility in deeper regions.

25. Long sentences We synthesised graphene using a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification. Using this graphene, we built highly stable supercapacitors with improved double layer capacitance and improved energy density. These devices also charge and discharge rapidly at high current density due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility in deeper regions.

26. Long sentences We synthesised graphene using a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification. Using this graphene, we built highly stable supercapacitors with improved double-layer capacitance and improved energy density. These devices also charge and discharge rapidly at high current density due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility. 45 words

27. Recoding

28. Long sentences Brightest cluster galaxies are the most luminous objects emitting stellar light. Here we report that the stellar masses of these objects have not significantly changed in the last 9 billion years.

29. Long sentences We synthesised graphene using a modified Hummer’s method and tip sonification. Using this graphene, we built highly stable supercapacitors with improved double-layer capacitance and improved energy density. These devices also charge and discharge rapidly at high current density due to enhanced ionic electrolyte accessibility.

30. Long sentences Attempts to explain some features of the Pioneer anomaly in terms of mundane, non-gravitational effects pertaining to the Pioneer probes themselves like thermal forces among different parts of the spacecraft or external influences like anisotropic solar emission, have been undertaken, but some of them have not obtained full consensus so far. 51 words

31. Long sentences Attempts to explain some features of the Pioneer anomaly in terms of mundane, non-gravitational effects pertaining to the Pioneer probes themselves like thermal forces among different parts of the spacecraft or external influences like anisotropic solar emission, have been undertaken, but some of them have not obtained full consensus so far.

32. Long sentences Attempts to explain some features of the Pioneer anomaly in terms of mundane, non-gravitational effects pertaining to the Pioneer probes themselves have been undertaken. Examples of these effects include thermal forces among different parts of the spacecraft or external influences like anisotropic solar emission. But some of them have not obtained full consensus so far.

33. Long sentences Non-gravitational explanations for the Pioneer anomaly fall into two categories. In the first are effects relating to the Pioneer probes themselves, such as the thermal forces acting on different parts of the spacecraft. In the second are external influences like anisotropic solar emission. There is little consensus about the role these forces play. 53 words

34. Achieving sentence variety Vary the length and structure of sentences so that important ideas stand out Vary the beginnings of sentences with modifiers, transitional words and expressions Occasionally, use a command, question, or exclamation

35. I move cautiously forward, clicking my tongue quickly and scanning with my head. Clicking my tongue quickly and scanning with my head, I move cautiously forward. But/In any case/Nevertheless/However, I move cautiously forward, clicking my tongue quickly and scanning with my head. Cautiously, I move forward, clicking my tongue quickly and scanning with my head.

36. Combining sentences

37. Common parallel constructions both...and neither...nor either...or not...but not only...but also whether...or

38. Example Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be triggered by a wide variety of events. Combat is a typical cause. Similarly, natural disasters can result in PTSD. Some people experience PTSD after a hostage situation. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be triggered by a wide variety of events such as combat, natural disasters and hostage situations.

39. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Friends, Romans, Countrymen Blood, sweat and tears Faith, Hope and Charity Mind, body, spirit Stop, Look and Listen Sex, Lies and Videotape I came, I saw, I conquered The Rule of Three

40. The Data Question: plural or singular The data is interesting Or The data are interesting

41. The boy ran quickly across the road The boy ran across the road The boy darted across the road The boy raced across the road The boy sped across the road The boy zipped across the road Adverbs

42. Redundant words and phrases

43. The Tricky Topic of Gender

44. The newborn child explores his world Newborn children explore their world The newborn child explores the world The newborn child explores his or her world But not: The newborn child explores their world

45. We suggest... This could change... The results may indicate... But not: This could potentially... Hedging

46. WOFUA: Watch Out For Unnecessary Acronyms

47. Spacecraft have flown by planets Spacecraft have flown by satellites Spacecraft have flown by comets Spacecraft have flown by asteroids The fly-bys have occurred at ranges of between 100 km and 100,000 km Some spacecraft have been equipped with imaging systems Some spacecraft have been equipped with photometric and spectrometric instruments These instruments have ranges extending from ultraviolet to kilometre wavelengths Etc Exercise

49. At ranges varying from ~100 km to ~100,000 km, spacecraft have now flown by more than 60 planets, satellites, comets and asteroids. They have been equipped variously with imaging systems, photometric and spectrometric instruments extending from ultraviolet to kilometre wavelengths, magnetometers and charged-particle detectors. In none of these encounters has compelling or even strongly suggestive evidence for extraterrestrial life been observed. For the Moon, Venus and Mars, orbiter and lander observations confirm the conclusion from fly-by spacecraft. Still, extraterrestrial life, if it exists, might be quite unlike the forms of life with which we are familiar, or present only marginally. The most elementary test of these techniques—the detection of life on Earth by such an instrumented fly-by spacecraft—had, until recently never been attempted. “A search for life on Earth from the Galileo spacecraft”, Sagan et al, Nature Vol 365 p715 1993

50. At ranges varying from ~100 km to ~100,000 km, spacecraft have now flown by more than 60 planets, satellites, comets and asteroids. They have been equipped variously with imaging systems, photometric and spectrometric instruments extending from ultraviolet to kilometre wavelengths, magnetometers and charged-particle detectors. In none of these encounters has compelling or even strongly suggestive evidence for extraterrestrial life been observed. For the Moon, Venus and Mars, orbiter and lander observations confirm the conclusion from fly-by spacecraft. Still, extraterrestrial life, if it exists, might be quite unlike the forms of life with which we are familiar, or present only marginally. The most elementary test of these techniques—the detection of life on Earth by such an instrumented fly-by spacecraft—had, until recently never been attempted. “A search for life on Earth from the Galileo spacecraft”, Sagan et al, Nature Vol 365 p715 1993

53. At all times At the present time At this point in time In today's society Because of the fact that For the purpose of In order to Until such time as For the reason that Due to the fact that By virtue of the fact that In the event that By means of In the final analysisfinally Exercise

54. At all timesalways At the present timenow At this point in timenow In today's societytoday or now Because of the fact thatbecause For the purpose offor In order toto Until such time asuntil For the reason thatbecause Due to the fact thatbecause By virtue of the fact thatbecause In the event thatif By means ofby In the final analysisfinally

55. It is worth pointing out in this context that It is significant to note the fact that Found to be It is plainly demonstrable from the data presented in Table 2 Table 2 shows Needless to say

56. It is worth pointing out in this context that It is significant to note the fact that Found to be It is plainly demonstrable from the data presented in Table 2 Table 2 shows Needless to say

58. Other ways to emphasise ideas Balanced sentences

59. The fickleness of women I love is equalled only by the infernal constancy of the women who love me George Bernard Shaw The fickleness of women I love is equalled only by the infernal constancy of the women who love me. George Bernard Shaw Scratch a lover, and find a foe. Dorothy Parker If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought. George Orwell

60. Other ways to emphasise ideas Balanced sentences Parallel elements

61. The industrial base was shifting and shrinking It is not a tax bill but a tax relief bill, providing relief not for the needy but for the greedy. Franklin D Roosevelt It is better to live rich than to die rich Samuel Johnson

62. Beware... Someone acquiring knowledge is similar to finding a new path in a dense forest. Acquiring knowledge is similar to finding a new path in a dense forest.

63. Other ways to emphasise ideas Balanced sentences Parallel elements The rule of three