1. Chapter 7 Ethnicity PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein

2. When Ethnicities Clash Ethnic competition to dominate nationality –Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa –Ethnic competition in Lebanon Dividing ethnicities among more than one state –Dividing ethnicities in South Asia –Dividing Sri Lanka among ethnicities

3. Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa Eritreans v. Ethiopians. Ethiopians want to dominate their state and Eritrea. Eritreans want independence and have had it since 1993. Both are multi-ethnic states today. Sudan…a state of civil war. Sudan is a multi-ethnic state that the Muslims want to make into a nation-state. The Arab Muslims are trying to dominate the state. Black Christians & Animist Rebels resist. Somalia is a multi-ethnic state. The Isaaks have been fighting the Hawiye people to control the state

4. Ethnicities in Lebanon Maronite Christians, Greek Orthodox Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims and Druze are just a few of the religious groups battling for influence in Lebanon. The country is a multi-ethnic state. It is in a civil war as religious armies battle to preserve their territory.

5. Ethnic Division in South Asia At independence in 1947, British India was divided into Hindu India and Muslim East and West Pakistan. It resulted in the migration of 17 million people and many killings. In 1971, after a brutal civil war, East Pakistan became the country of Bangladesh.

6. Jammu and Kashmir South Asia Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area. India & Pakistan dispute their northern border near Jammu and Kashmir. Ethnically, most of Jammu and Kashmir are Muslim, so they favor union with Pakistan. The Hindu Indians will not let the region become independent. Sikhs in the region want independence, too.

7. Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka The Sinhalese majority at 74% are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo- European language. The Tamils at 18% are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language. The Tamil Tigers, the rebel group, has been recently defeated. Now the country is closer to a nation-state.

8. Forced Migrations after World War Two Fig. 7-19: Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.

9. The Balkans in 1914 Fig. 7-20: The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in 1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire. The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I.

10. Languages in Southeastern Europe Fig. 7-21: Several new states were created, and boundaries were shifted after World Wars I and II. New state boundaries often coincided with language areas.

11. Ethnic Cleansing Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia –Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia –Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia Ethnic cleansing in central Africa

12. Yugoslavia: Ethnic Regions Is Yugoslavia a nation- state? Is that likely to be good or bad?

13. What happens when the various ethnic groups want self-determination? Ethnic Cleansing! Serbs & Croats “cleansed” Bosnia of Muslims so they could join with Serbia & Croatia. Serbs “cleansed” Kosovo of the Albanian majority so they could control that province. They sought a nation-state.

14. Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo Aerial photography helped document the stages of ethnic cleansing in western Kosovo in 1999.

15. African Nation-States? Fig. 7-23: The boundaries of African states do not (and cannot) coincide with the thousands of ethnic groups on the continent.

16. Rwanda & Ethnic Cleansing The Hutu majority are farmers. The Tutsi minority are herders. Tutsi have dominated Hutu, with some back and forth. In 1994, Tutsi returned and “cleansed” the Hutu. 3 million of 7 million Hutu became refugees.