1. Intro to Minerals

2. What is a rock? A consolidated mixture of minerals.

3. What are minerals? Minerals are the chemicals that make up the earth.

4. Characteristics of Minerals Naturally occuring inorganic (without carbon, non-living) Solid with a specific composition – made of elements – chemical formula Definite crystalline structure with repeating pattern of atoms

7. How do minerals form? 1. Crystallization from magma

8. How do minerals form? 1.Crystallization from magma -Magma = molten rock underground -Cooling of lava

9. How do minerals form? 2. Precipitation

10. How do minerals form? 2. Precipitation - When water evaporates and leaves behind dissolved substances

11. How do minerals form? 3. Heat & Pressure

12. How do minerals form? 4. Hydrothermal Solutions

13. How do minerals form? 4. Hydrothermal Solutions - Mix of hot water and dissolved substances. When it cools, substances combine to form minerals

14. 98% of the Earth’s Crust Made of These 8 Elements O, Oxygen 45.2% by weight Si, Silicon 27.2% Al, Aluminum 8.0% Fe, Iron 5.8% Ca, Calcium 5.1% Mg, Magnesium 2.8% Na, Sodium 2.3% K, Potassium 1.7%

15. Silicates Explanation: -Most important mineral class -Made up of 2 most abundant elements -Make up majority of sediment & rocks

16. MOST IMPORTANT MINERAL Group: The Silicate Minerals Si + O = 75% of Crust Silicates make up 95% + of all Rocks

17. Silicates ● Silicon and oxygen bond to form a silicon oxygen tetrahedron ● One silicon, four oxygen molecules ● Can form single chains, double chains, sheets or a network

18. Carbonates ● 2 nd most abundant group – Contains elements of carbon, oxygen, and one or more metallic elements – Dolomite, Calcite

19. Oxides ● OXYGEN! + one or more other elements ● Many times forms as magma cools from temperature and pressure changes ● Rutile, Corundrum

20. Sulfates and Sulfides ● SULFUR! ● Usually forms when water evaporates – Whats this called? ● Galena Pyrite, Gypsum

21. Halides ● Contains a halogen ion and one or more other elements. ● Halite - salt

22. Native Minerals ● Minerals that are elements in their pure form ● Gold, Silver, Copper, Carbon, Sulfur