1. Cognition All of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing & remembering

2. Cognition refers to  How we MAKE memories  How we REMEMBER  How we FORGET  How we SOLVE PROBLEMS  How we USE LANGUAGE

3. Organization of LTM Concepts are arranged general to Specific.

4. What is a concept?  Mental representation of related things  Can be physical objects, events, attributes or ABSTRACTIONS!  Can be simple or complex

5. Prototype  A typical example of a concept  Most basic & gives us the least amount of information needed

6. Prototype:BIRD

7. Not a prototype:

8. Retrieving memories  Recognition  Recall  Reconstruction~can be distorted by adding, dropping, changing details (to fit a schema)

9. Serial position effect

10. Primacy Effect: Recall 1 st best Recency Effect: Recall last best

11. What helps us remember ?  PRIMING  DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE  MNEMONIC DEVICES  METHOD OF LOCI  PEG WORD MNEMONIC

12. METHOD OF LOCI  RELATE WHAT YOU WANT TO REMEMBER WITH PLACES YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH.  EX.: SOUR CREAM and MILK (refrigerator), NOODLES (nesting in bowls on counter), MUSHROOM SOUP (in the “ mush ” room-kitchen), DEODORANT (in drawer in bathroom),

13. Peg Word Mnemonic  One = Bun Four = Door  Two = Shoe Five = Hive  Three = Tree Six = Stick ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sour Cream & Milk is one; eaten on a bun Noodles are two; squishy in a shoe Mushroom soup is three; under a tree Deodorant is four; behind the bathroom door.

14. FORGETTING……  FAILURE TO ENCODE  DECAY OF STORED MEMORY  INABILITY TO ACCESS FROM LTM  RELEARNING

15. Inability to access from LTM?  Insufficient RETRIEVAL cues  “ Tip of the tongue ” phenomenon  Repression  Confabulation  Misinformation effect (bumped/crashed)

16. Interference  PROACTIVE  If we learn A and then B and we can ’ t remember B because A got in the way   Proactive interference  RETROACTIVE  If we learn A and then B and we can ’ t remember A because B got in the way   Retroactive interference

17. Any questions?