1. Elin Driana, Ph.D

2.  “a systematic attempt to provide answers to questions” (Tuckman, 1999, p. 4)  “the more formal, systematic, and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis” (Best and Kahn, 1986, p. 18).

3. Quantitative research is ‘Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).’ (Aliaga and Gunderson (2002) in Muijs (2004))

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Type of research that allows the researcher to establish a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables by controlling extraneous variables.

5. Types of Research Correlational Research to determine relationship among two or more variables. Causal-Comparative Research to determine the cause for or the consequences of differences between groups of people Survey Research to describe characteristics of a group by means of such instruments as interview questions, questionnaires, and tests.

6. Steps in Quantitative Research 1. Selecting a Problem 2. Reviewing the literature 3. Formulating Research Question 4. Constructing Hypotheses

7. Steps in Quantitative Research 5. Identifying and Labeling Variables 6. Constructing Operational definitions of Variables 7. Constructing a Research Design 8. Identifying population and sample

8. Steps in Quantitative Research 9. Designing instruments 10. Selecting statistical test for testing the hypothesis 11. Collecting Data 12. Analyzing Data 13. Writing the Report

9. Population and Sample Population The entire elements of interest in a particular study Sample A subset of the population Parameter Numerical measures of a population Statistic Numerical measures of a sample

10. Variable A characteristic that varies 1. Independent Variable “the factor that is measured, manipulated, or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship with to an observed phenomenon” (Tuckman, 1999, p.93)

11. Variable (2) 2. Dependent Variable “a response variable or output” (Tuckman, 1999, p. 93)

12. Variable (3) 3. Moderator Variable “a special type of independent variable, a secondary independent variable selected to determine if it affects the relationship between the study’s primary independent variable and it dependent variable” (Tuckman, 1999, p. 97).

13. Variable (4) 4. Control Variables “Factors controlled by the experimenter to cancel out or neutralized any effect they might otherwise have on observed phenomen”(Tuckman, 1999, p. 100)

14. Variable (5) 5. Intervening Variable “a factor that theoretically affects observed phenomena but cannot be seen, measured, or manipulated; its effect must be inferred from the effects of the independent and moderator variable on the observed phenomenon” (Tuckman, 1999, p. 101)

15. Main Types of Data Different values that are associated with variable. u Qualitative or Categorical Data are classified in categories and not numerically measured. B. Quantitative or Numerical Data are obtained either from a counting process (discrete data) or from a measuring process (continuous data)

16. Types of Scales (1) A scale is a tool or mechanism to distinguish individuals on the variables of interest to our study (Sekaran, 1992).

17. Types of Scales (2) There are four types of scales. 1. Nominal Scale is not intended to measure a variable, but to assign data into certain categories or groups. does not imply order or rank Example: gender

18. Types of Scales (3) 2. Ordinal Scale Contains the properties of nominal scale rank the categories in some meaningful way. Example: level of education.

19. Types of Scales (4) 3. Interval Scale contains the properties of a nominal and an ordinal scale assumes the same interval among the points of scale Example: attitude scale.

20. Types of Scales (5) D. Ratio Scale contains the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales. the ratio between two values is meaningful has an absolut zero point. Example: Salary

21. Scales of Measurement QualitativeQualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative NumericalNumerical NumericalNumerical NonnumericalNonnumerical DataData NominalNominalOrdinalOrdinalNominalNominalOrdinalOrdinalIntervalIntervalRatioRatio Source: Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., and Williams, T.A. (2008). Statistics for business and economics, 10th Edition. Thomson South- Western International Edition.