1. Two political posters: produced by anti-apartheid organisations Downloaded from : http://www.saha.org.za/udf/?folder=udf

2. Civil Society Resistance – Trade Unions Trade Union movement emerged as the most powerful and organised component of anti-apartheid forces Trade Unions began widespread mobilisation, organisation and education of black workers 1984: 1.5m black trade union members 1985: COSATU founded > national co- ordination od strikes and stayaways TUs increasingly took leadership positions in community organisations. ‘workerist’ v ‘populist’ divisions among unionists, but recognised need for unity. 1989: Trade Unions (UDF, churches) took leadership role in MDM

3. Civil Society Resistance – Religious Communities 1985: leaders from 16 churches issued the ‘Kairos document’ calling on SA Christians to ‘participate in the struggle for liberation’ Jews for Justice, The Call of Islam, and Muslim leaders such as Farid Essack all played a role in liberation struggle 1988: South African Council of Churches HQ destroyed by bombs. 1989 SACC committed member churches to non-violent action to end apartheid.

4. Civil Society Resistance – Youth 1980 National school boycott started in Cape Town 1985-86 National school boycott 1987: Youth congresses were established. ‘Of all the generations, the ‘children of Soweto’ were the least inclined to accept the limits and restrictions of apartheid’ (Lodge and Nasson, 1991:38)

5. Civil Society Resistance – Civics Thousands of local organisation around the country formed in townships to organise protest around high rents, inadequate housing and infrastructure, poor services and expensive transportation

6. Civil Society Resistance; United Democratic Front (UDF) 1983: (Aug) UDF launched in Mitchell’s Plain, to co-ordinate resistance to new black local authorities and the tri-cameral parliament UDF was a broad popular front of over 500 affiliates (of which only 18 were trade unions) UDF had an uneven support base across country UDF represented the non-racial tradition of Freedom Charter (non- racial 1985: UDF endorsed ANC’s call to make country ungovernable 1988: UDF banned (re-constructed at Mass Democratic Movement)

7. Civil Society Resistance in white community End Conscription Campaign Black Sash NUSAS NB: Some white people played a role in church and community organisations affiliated to the UDF.

8. Conclusion

9. Bibliography Marais, H., South Africa Pushed to the Limit (UCT Press, 2011) Mulaudzi, M. (et al), In Search of History Grade 12 (Oxford, 2003)