1. Project to Intercompare Regional Climate Simulations (PIRCS) PIRCS Mission To provide a common framework for evaluating strengths and weaknesses of regional climate models and their component procedures through systematic, comparative simulations PIRCS Co-Directors http://www.pircs.iastate.edu/ Ray Arritt rwarritt@iastate.edurwarritt@iastate.edu Bill Gutowski gutowski@iastate.edugutowski@iastate.edu Gene Takle gstakle@iastate.edugstakle@iastate.edu

2. Dynamical Downscaling Global climate model Regional climate model Process models (e.g., hydrology, ecosystem) Social systems

3. U.S. CCSP Strategic Plan “Objective 1.6: Accelerate the development of scientifically- based predictive models to provide regional and fine-scale climate and climate impacts information” “…establish a process for coordination of regional modeling activities…” “Regional and sectoral climate and climate impacts research and modeling is a high program priority” http://www.pircs.iastate.edu/

4. National Research Council Review of CCSP Strategic Plan “In implementation, the CCSP should support the development and application of regional climate models to a greater extent than described in the revised plan.” NRC: Implementing Climate and Global Change Research: A Review of the Final U. S. Climate Change Science Program Strategic Plan (2004)

5. PIRCS Experiments 1a: 15 May-15 July 19881b: 1 June - 31 July 1993 1c: July 1986 - Dec 1993Subset: Oct 1978 - Dec 1988 GCM grid: red pointsRCM grid: green, blue points

6. F Danish Met. Inst. (HIRHAM4; J.H. Christensen, O.B. Christensen) F Université du Québec à Montréal (D. Caya, S. Biner) F Scripps Institution of Oceanography (RSM; J. Roads, S. Chen) F NCEP (RSM; S.-Y. Hong) F NASA - Marshall (MM5/BATS; W. Lapenta) F CSIRO (DARLAM; J. McGregor, J. Katzfey) F Colorado State University (ClimRAMS; G. Liston) F Iowa State University (RegCM2; Z. Pan) F Iowa State University (MM5/LSM; D. Flory) F Univ. of Maryland / NASA-GSFC (GEOS; M. Fox-Rabinovitz) F SMHI / Rossby Centre (RCA; M. Rummukainen, C. Jones) F NOAA (RUC2; G. Grell) F ETH (D. Luethi) F Universidad Complutense Madrid (PROMES; M.Gaertner) F Université Catholique du Louvain (P. Marbaix) F Argnonne National Lab (MM5 V3; J. Taylor, J. Larson) F St. Louis University (Z. Pan) PIRCS Participating Groups

7. 500 hPa Heights: Root Mean Square Difference from Reanalysis PIRCS Expt 1a (1988)

8. “Warming Hole”  T max (JJA) ˚C

9. Refereed Publications: PIRCS Science of Climate Change  Takle, E. S., W. J. Gutowski, R. A. Arritt, Z. Pan, C. J. Anderson, R. R. da Silva, D. Caya, S.-C. Chen, J. H. Christensen, S.-Y. Hong, H.-M. H. Juang, J. Katzfey, W. M. Lapenta, R. Laprise, P. Lopez, J. McGregor and J. O. Roads, 1999: Project to Intercompare Regional Climate Simulations (PIRCS): Description and initial results. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19,443-19,461.  Christopher J. Anderson, Raymond W. Arritt, Eugene S. Takle, Zaitao Pan, William J. Gutowski, Jr., Renato da Silva, Daniel Caya, Jens H. Christiansen, Daniel Luthi, Miguel A. Gaertner, Clemente Gallardo, Filippo Giorgi, Song-You Hong, Colin Jones, H.-M. H. Juang, Jack J. Katzfey, William M. Lapenta, Rene Laprise, Jay W. Larson, Glen E. Liston, John L. McGregor, Roger A. Pielke, Sr., John O. Roads, John A. Taylor, 2003: Hydrologic processes in regional climate model simulations of the central United States flood of June-July 1993. J. Hydrometeor., 4, 584-598.

10. 10-yr Runs of Climate and Climate Change Longest published ensemble RCM runs for contiguous U.S. 5 publications on science of regional climate and climate change 6 publications on climate change impacts. Numerous conference & university presentations.

11. Broad, Community Interest Consultation by other science programs: RMIP, ARCMIP, MERCURE/PRUDENCE, WGNE, CLIVAR, South America projects, Africa AIACC Consultation by private sector: e.g., Corn Growers Assoc., Basin Electric, Soil Conservation Service, IA Assoc. of Municipal Utilities Foundation for North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP)

12. Transferability Working Group GEWEX Hydrometeorology Panel World Climate Research Programme Objective: Improved understanding and predictive capability through systematic intercomparisons of regional climate simulations on several continents with observations and analyses. Build on coordinated observations from GEWEX continental scale experiments. Provide a framework for evaluating regional model simulations of climate processes of different climatic regions. Evaluate transferability of regional climate models, for example a model developed to study one region as applied to other, “non-native”, regions. Examine individual and ensemble performance between domains and on individual domains.

13. A Vision for U.S. Regional Climate Modeling There is well documented need for regional climate modeling beyond the CCSP plan to "Accelerate the development of..." This urgency is driven both by the need for better science and requirements for applications. The PIRCS and PRUDENCE experiences demonstrate the value of coordination in regional climate modeling No U.S. agency or organization is taking leadership to accelerate regional climate modeling.

14. A Vision for U. S. Regional Climate Modeling PIRCS brings: –10 years of experience –Commitment to lead a regional modeling effort –Motivation to coordinate with national climate change priorities. Development of a center is potentially slow and cumbersome. PIRCS can provide leadership within the timeframe of the normal grants program.

15. Implementing the Vision Systematically examine fine-scale climate dynamics. Coordinate U.S. comparisons. Provide foundation for: – community member proposals – U.S. climate change assessments Advance goals of CCSP Strategic Plan. Provide international linkages (e.g., GEWEX)

16. Implementing the Vision: Issues Ensembles Transferability Uncertainty, Predictability & Error Propagation Upscaling Feedbacks Nesting –domain, resolution differences, input frequency, physics consistency Stability of long simulations Calibration

17. Implementing the Vision: Outcomes Standardized framework for assessing RCMs Regional-scale feedbacks and couplings exposed Improved models Guidelines for improving observational databases for model assessment Capacity-building in RCM science and assessment Cross-comparison with other downscaling methods

18. Implementing the Vision: NSF Role Questions for NSF: How much should impacts be included and emphasized? What NSF divisions should be linked to this vision? What is the potential for developing, with NSF help, inter-agency cooperation toward meeting CCSP goals? How much does US commitment to GEWEX influences NSF's priorities?

19. PIRCS Homepage http://www.pircs.iastate.edu

20. Implementing the Vision: Personnel ISU faculty - oversight & management 1 Postdoc - scientific coordination 3 Graduate students - focused analyses 3 Undergraduates - computing assistance 1 Research associate - data management and access External visitors

21. Implementing the Vision: Support Workshops for participating modelers & output users Supporting hardware Data access tools (e.g., Live-Access Server) Travel & Publication support

22. Precipitation Bias [mm/d]

26.  X = 250 km contours every 250 m

27.  X = 50 km contours every 250 m

28.  X = 10 km contours every 250 m

29. Reanalysis HadCM Cont/Scen RegCM2 HIRHAM Possible Comparisons? OBS HadCM Cont/Scen Driving Differences

30. 0 1 2

33. Motivation

34. Model & Simulation 5-km grid (121 x 165) May - August 1997 (after spin-up) 20-km grid (120 x 150) Grell & Pagowski 1994 - 1999

35. Results - Precipitation

37. Without sufficient resolution, it just doesn’t look right! EST&LM