1. 1 Chapters 14, 15, 16 Theories & The most dangerous book Mr. Lawrence can bring to class!

2. 2 14 The Fossil Record  Fossils and Ancient Life  How Fossils Form  Interpreting Fossil Evidence –Relative Dating –Radioactive Dating  Geologic Time Scale –Eras –Periods

3. Radiometric Dating 3

4. Is this a good graph? 4 Radioactive Decay

5. 5 Geological Time Periods EraPeriodTime Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian (millions of years ago) EraPeriodTime (millions of years ago) EraPeriodTime (millions of years ago) 290 – 245 360–290 410–360 440–410 505–440 544–505 1.8–present 65–1.8 145–65 208–145 245–208 Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Vendian650–544

6. 6 15 - Background  Charles Darwin –Voyage of the H.M.S. “Beagle”

7. 7 15 - Continued  Published his results –On The Origin of Species  Evolution by Natural Selection –“Survival of the Fittest”  Where did his ideas come from?

8. 8 15 Idea’s That Influenced Darwin  An Ancient, Changing Earth –Hutton and Geological Change –Lyell’s Principles of Geology  Lamarck’s Evolution Hypotheses –Tendency Toward Perfection –Use and Disuse –Inheritance of Acquired Traits –Evaluating Lamarck’s Hypotheses  Malthus and Population Growth

9. 9 Evidence? includes Evidence of Evolution Physical remains of organisms Common ancestral species Similar genes which is composed ofwhich indicateswhich implies The fossil record Geographic distribution of living species Homologous body structures Similarities in early development

10. 10 15 Section Assessment   What two ideas from geology were important to Darwin’s thinking?   According to Lamarck, how did organisms acquire traits?   According to Malthus, what factors limited population growth?   How did Lyell’s Principles of Geology influence Darwin?

11. 11 16-1 Evolution as Genetic Change  Genetic Drift –Normal breeding –“Founder Effect”  Remember the Macaques from the movie? –Hardy-Weinberg Principle  Probability

12. 12 Section Assessment Section Assessment  Describe how natural selection can affect traits controlled by single genes.  Describe three patterns of natural selection on polygenic traits. Which one leads to two distinct phenotypes?  How does genetic drift lead to a change in a population’s gene pool?  What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

13. Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution  Evolution is the process of change in the inherited characteristics within populations over generations such that new types of organisms develop from preexisting types. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

14. Evolutionary Relationships Between Whales and Hoofed Mammals

15. Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution, continued  Ideas of Darwin’s Time –Scientific understanding of evolution began to develop in the 17th and 18th centuries as geologists and naturalists compared geologic processes and living and fossil organisms around the world. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

16. Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution, continued  Ideas about Geology –Among geologists, Cuvier promoted the idea of catastrophism, and Lyell promoted uniformitarianism. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

17. Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution, continued  Lamarck’s Ideas on Evolution –Among naturalists, Lamarck proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolution. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

18. Chapter 15 Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

19. Chapter 15 Darwin’s Ideas  Descent with Modification –Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he argued that descent with modification occurs, that all species descended from common ancestors, and that natural selection is the mechanism for evolution. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

20. Chapter 15 Darwin’s Voyage Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

21. Chapter 15 Darwin’s Ideas, continued  Natural Selection –Organisms in a population adapt to their environment as the proportion of individuals with genes for favorable traits increases. –Those individuals that pass on more genes are considered to have greater fitness. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

22. Chapter 15 Natural Selection Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

23. Chapter 15 Adaptation Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought

24. Chapter 15 The Fossil Record  Evidence of evolution can be found by comparing several kinds of data, including the fossil record, biogeography, anatomy and development, and biological molecules.  Evolutionary theories are supported when several kinds of evidence support similar conclusions. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

25. Chapter 15 The Fossil Record, continued  The Age of Fossils –Geologic evidence supports theories about the age and development of Earth. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

26. Chapter 15 The Fossil Record, continued  The Distribution of Fossils –The fossil record shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

27. Chapter 15 The Fossil Record, continued  Transitional Species –Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

28. Evidence of Whale Evolution Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15

29. Biogeography  Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world, provides evidence of descent with modification. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

30. Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology  In organisms, analogous structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins.  Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

31. Chapter 15 Forelimbs of Vertebrates Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

32. Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology, continued  A species with a vestigial structure probably shares ancestry with a species that has a functional form of the structure. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

33. Chapter 15 Vestigial Features Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

34. Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology, continued  Related species show similarities in embryological development. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

35. Chapter 15 Similarities in Embryology Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

36. Chapter 15 Biological Molecules  Similarity in the subunit sequences of biological molecules such as RNA, DNA, and proteins indicates a common evolutionary history. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

37. Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Hemoglobin Comparison

38. Chapter 15 Developing Theory  Modern scientists integrate Darwin’s theory with other advances in biological knowledge.  Theories and hypotheses about evolution continue to be proposed and investigated. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

39. 39 Test: What To Study?  These notes  Vocabulary (Quiz on Monday)  Section Assessments: –14-2 q#2 –15-1 q#1,2,3,4 –16-1 q#5, 16-2 q#1,2,3,4,5