1. Synchrophasor Network & Renewable Integration Developments STEVE WIDERGREN Energy & Environment Directorate Richland, WA

2. Topics Synchrophasor Technology Developments Wide area measurement system (WAMS) Phasor measurement units (PMU) North American Synchrophasor Initiative (NASPI) US Department of Energy (DOE) and North American Electric Reliability Corp (NERC) collaboration Technology maturation Renewable Integration Research – Example Developments Generation resource variability Operational methods and technology 26 September 2012

3. Lessons Learned from Major Blackouts Data captured from WAMS was essential to support the blackout investigation The need for better model validation was demonstrated 3 10 August 1996 separation of the Western Interconnection 6 September 2012

4. Wide Area Measurement System Data acquisition devices (continuously recording and time synchronized) Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) Inputs from potential transformers (PT) and current transformers (CT) Analog signal recorders (with transducer inputs) Point-on-wave (POW) recorders (with PT, CT inputs) Controller monitors (generators, HVDC, FACTS) Inputs from the controller interface or the controlled device Advanced relays and other Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) Digital fault recorders and other sequence of events recorders Typical supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) NOT adequate: polling collection architecture without time-synchronized high fidelity measurements 46 September 2012

5. North American SynchroPhasor Initiative “Better information supports better - and faster - decisions.” DOE and NERC are working together closely with industry to enable wide area time-synchronized measurements that will enhance the reliability of the electric power grid through improved situational awareness and other applications 5 April 2007 March 2012 6 September 2012

6. NASPI Organization NASPI Work Group Data & Network Management Task Team Operations Implementation Task Team Performance & Standards Task Team Planning Implementation Task Team Executive Steering Group Leadership Team Research Initiatives Task Team Joe Chow Matthew Gardner Dmitry Kosterev Mahendra Patel Vahid Madani Damir Novosel Tony Johnson Kevin Frankeny Dan Brancaccio Jim McNierney 66 September 2012

7. FUTURE Prerequisites Applications A NALYSIS C OMMUNICATIONS Good data collection Interconnection- wide baselining System studies High availability, high speed TODAY Functions Appropriate physical & cyber-security Redundant, fault-tolerant Situational awareness Outage avoidance Congestion management Renewable integration Increase in operating transfer capacity Wide-area Monitoring  Visualization  Frequency and voltage monitoring  Oscillation detection  Event detection  Alarming  Operator decision support  Automated wide- area controls  Reliability Action Schemes System protection U SERS Pattern detection Model validation – system & elements FamiliarityGood visual interface Training Interoperability standards Real-Time Synchrophasor Applications and Their Prerequisites 76 September 2012

8. Technology Maturation Progress Share users’ and vendors’ success stories and high-value applications Accelerate development of technical interoperability standards Focus and facilitate baseline creation and pattern recognition research (e.g., oscillation detection) Early identification of project implementation challenges and community work to develop and share solutions Develop and test PMU device specifications and interoperability Communications network design PMU placement End-to-end data flow and quality Developing requirements for “production-grade” systems Building key software infrastructure (NERC GPA investment) Enhance applications value and operator and user training On the horizon – more technical standards; cyber-security and GPS 86 September 2012

9. The NASPInet Vision – A Distributed Network for Data Exchange and Sharing Utility Regional Reliability Hub Utility PMU Archive Apps PMU Apps Phasor Gateway Archive Apps Archive NASPInet IED Regional Reliability Hub Archive Apps Phasor Gateway Phasor Gateway Phasor Gateway PDC 96 September 2012

10. Security of Synchrophasors Synchrophasors are becoming part of the bulk electric system and will require physical and cyber security But these systems shouldn’t be treated any differently than other forms of measurement and control telemetry Synchrophasor systems will coexist with other electric system cyber infrastructure and will have similar dependencies on common communications and network elements Deployments are using emerging cyber-security standards and technologies Current phasor applications require further data analysis, software refinement and operational validation to be fully effective; many are yet not in full operational use Many of these systems are not currently considered critical cyber assets Growth of continuous, high-volume data flows will require new technology for measurement, communications, and applications Anticipate rapid change and refinement over the next several years 106 September 2012

11. Synchrophasor Conclusions DOE has played a key catalyst role in the development and implementation of synchrophasor technology DOE and NERC will continue to support industry efforts to promote and enable widespread adoption of advanced monitoring technologies to ensure grid reliability DOE will actively support needed R&D to ensure that the full value of a North American phasor network will be realized Hardware – measurement technologies Network –data access and security Software Applications – focus on reliability management objectives Demonstrations – regional in scope  Recovery Act is enabling unprecedented advancement of synchrophasor technology deployment 116 September 2012

12. Renewable Integration Research - Example Developments

13. Renewable Variability 13 High Variability Photovoltaic Plant Output Source: Sunpower Intermittent supply of PV for California ISO Intermittent supply of wind power Tehachapi, CA 6 September 2012

14. Enabling Renewable Integration Developing Grid Operational Methods and Technologies Coordination & consolidation of Balancing Areas Methods to accommodate renewable uncertainty New models to operate a different grid GridLAB-D High-resolution distribution simulator – Design Tool for the Smart Grid Regional & Utility Studies MW Time Schedule Western Electric Coordinating Council - Balancing Area Consolidation/Coordination California Independent System Operator & DOE - Ramping and Transmission Capacity Uncertainty Tool Nevada Energy Co. – Resolution of Solar Integration Operational Challenges U.S. Dept. of Energy & Dept. of Defense – Optimization of Smart Grid and Micro-grid Operations 146 September 2012

15. Benefits of Balancing Authorities Cooperation for Renewable Integration There are 37 BAs within the Western Interconnection As wind and solar penetration increases across the system, individual BAs face greater operational challenges Cooperation among BAs can facilitate higher penetrations of variable generation and mitigate increases in integration cost because the collective impact of variability and uncertainty is accumulated over a large geographic area 156 September 2012

16. Calculation of Balancing Requirements Savings Monthly balancing requirements are calculated for each of the 32 BAs and then for the consolidated BA (CBA) 166 September 2012

17. A Tool Developed for BA Results Visualization 176 September 2012

18. Wind and Solar: Probabilistic Analysis and Visualization 18 Sources of uncertainty (discrete and continuous): Traditional:  Load forecast  Unexpected forced outages  Generation units failure to startup New challenges:  Wind generation forecast  Solar generation forecast  Wind ramps System requirements: Generation schedule  Unit commitment  Economic dispatch  Regulation Regulation reserve Contingency reserve System control performance System reliability Power quality Economic efficiency 6 September 2012

19. Probabilistic Tool Concept 19 Forecast error, % -20 -10 0 10 20 Statistical analysis Cumulative distribution function P, MW Time, h 0 1 2 3 4 80 85 90 95 Confidence intervals, % Generators schedule Generation is not capable to follow the demand Maximum capacity 1.Data acquisition 2.Uncertainty assessment through complex statistical analysis 3.Prediction of future grid balancing requirements for specified time horizons and confidence levels 1 2 3 6 September 2012

20. Expected Capacity Requirements Confidence Range Capacity Availability 206 September 2012

21. Nevada Energy PV Integration Study Quantify the impacts of variable PV generation output on NV Energy’s system operations, including Balancing reserve requirements Ability of the existing generation fleet to accommodate PV – Identifying challenging operating hours Cycling and movements of conventional generators to balance the system 216 September 2012

22. Modeling and Calibration of Large Wind Power Plant for Stability Analysis Comparison of reduced model accuracy brought by Changing model structure Validating and calibrating parameters with simplest structure. Diversity Wind speed, collector network impedance, and type of turbines Objective: most accurate response by calibrating parameters with simplest structure 22 1-machine reduced model More than 1 machine reduced model OR Preferred and most usual Full model For large WPP with diversity Wind speed: Wake effects Wind direction Topography Type of wind turbines Controllers or control settings Collector line impedance 6 September 2012 To transmission system Many WTGs

23. Diversity in Collector Impedance Calculated parameter using equivalencing method Calibrated parameters are either line reactance, or the line capacitive susceptance, or compensation capacitor 23 Calculated parameters and changes in structure Calibrated parameters with minimum changes in structure 84 machines electrically further away from the rest of the machines as illustrated in WPP diagram  2-machine, 2-line reduced model 6 September 2012

24. Thank you Steve Widergren Principal Engineer steve.widergren@pnnl.gov 6 September 201224