1. Other aquaculture systems PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE (AKU3201)

2. Ponds Cages Raceway Recirculating Others – tanks, strings, rack, pisciponic Method of culture 1

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5. Floating or submerged units Placed in open water i.e., lake, reservoir, river, estuary, open ocean Netting to hold fish Fed with pellet Cages 4

6. Floating Cages 5

7. Cages 6

8. Hold net Stainless steel Floatation devices Frame 7

9. Polyethlyene, polyester wire nylon Net size < Fish size Netting 8

10. 9 Depth: 1 – 2 m Freeboard: 15-30 cm Weightage at every side Metal frame

11. Submerged cages 10

12. Advantages Continuous flow of clean/new water Easy harvesting Different species in different cages Waste, excessive feed are not accumulated in the culture system Stocking rate can be regulated easily Cages 11

13. Disadvantages Changes in environmental surroundings & water quality Noxious algal bloom Slower species growth compared to pond culture Frequent net cleaning Disease problem Climate problem Theft Cages 12

14. Non-polluted area Protected/sheltered area Low drastic salinity change Small waves (except cage in deep sea areas) Requirement 13

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17. RAS= Recirculating aquaculture systems Water is processed to restore water quality Recycle back to the culture tank RAS 16

18. Suitable when: 1)Land or water is limited 2)Natural water is of poor quality 3)Ambient temperatures for cultured spp. are outside the range 17

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20. RAS 19

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23. Biofilter -Substrate on which aerobic bacteria will grow -Bacteria change the form of nitrogen from toxic to non-toxic form -Toxic = Ammonia (NH 3 ) - NH 3 -> NO 2 (Nitrosomonas) - NO 2 -> NO 3 (Nitrobacter) 22

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26. Water continuously flow Flow-through 25

27. Raceway 26 Water continuously flow

28. Semi-controlled Boat & strings/rope Marine Strings 27

29. Bivalve & seaweed String/line 28

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36. Pisciponic 35

37. Culture synergy of fish & plant Maximum use of water, soil, space & increase production & income Reduce nutrient need 75-100% Minimum aquaculture waste Japanese salad, kailan, tomato Baung, keli, tilapia Tilapia the best Pisciponic 36

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40. Semi controlled & marine Clams/abalone/oysters Stake 39

41. Semi-controlled & marine Bivalve (oyster/clams) Tray/Raft 40

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44. Bottom culture 43

45. Pen (Crab) Introduced by Jabatan Pertanian Sarawak Application – SEA & Australia Cage constructed in mangrove area Minimum cutting (20%) & sustain forest area Ketam nipah Scylla serrata, S. olivacea, S. tranquebarica

46. Selection of wild broodstock & artificial production of juveniles which are released into the natural environment then harvest Semi-controlled Species: Salmon, lobster Sea Ranching 45

47. Seacage cultivator 46 Combination of raft, line and cage Facility: – Wave resistant – Ease of handling – Production per area is high Semi control Commercial species: abalone, sea cucumber

48. Bioreactor 47 Culture of microalga for health product and live feed for fish, crustacean and molluscan larvae Chlorella, Spirullina

49. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture Integration between seaweed and other aquatic organisms IMTA 48

50. Backyard hatchery 49

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52. Backyard hatchery-RAS 51

53. 52 Key attributes of a successful aquaculture business include: Fish farming experience (animal husbandry); Market knowledge; Understanding of species site selection requirements; Appropriate system design; and Business management experience.