1. Cortical / Functional Areas Frontal lobe – Executive Initiates motor / behavioral responses to info collected Parietal / occipital – Where shape, form, texture, color, moving? y/n Temporal / occipital – What connects w/ par/occ cortex, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus (memory) & amygdala (emotion) to tell what is occurring

2. Prefrontal Cortex Attention / Planning / Abstraction / Planned behavior / Subjective movement / Social skills / Personality / Short-term memory Premotor Area Motor programming (indirect motor movement control) Primary Motor Cortex UMN of CST, CBT Area 4 Primary Somatosensory Cortex 3 rd order neurons of STT, TTT, etc Somatosensory Association Cortex (precuneus) Multimodal association cortex integration Posterior parietal Lobe Dominant: Analytical Skills Non-Dom: Visuospatial orientation Visual Association Cortex Color, motion, depth Involuntary cortical eye fields Pursuit, scanning Primary Visual Cortex (calcarine cortex) Area 17 Right inferior frontal gyrus Dominant: Broca’s area (formulate speech) Area 44, 45 Non-Dom: Language expression (prosody of speech) Primary auditory cortex Heschl’s convolutions Area 41, 42 Auditory Asscociation Cortex Wernicke’s Area Language conprehension Frontal eye fields Voluntary eye movements Insular cortex: Buried. Integrates visceral input – smell, taste, pain.

3. Prefrontal Cortex Attention / Planning / Abstraction / Planned behavior / Subjective movement / Social skills / Personality / Short-term memory Supplementary Motor Cortex Motor initiation/planning Micturion center Primary Motor Cortex UMN of CST, CBT Area 4 Primary Sensory Cortex 3 rd order neurons of STT, TTT, etc Primary Visual Cortex (calcarine cortex) Area 17 Visual Association Cortex Color, motion, depth Hippocampal Formation Learning/memory consolidation Long term Temporal Lobe Memory storage Long term Primary Olfactory Cortex Piriform cortex (amygdala) Lateral entorhinal cortex (parahippocamal)

4. Prefrontal Cortex Attention / Planning / Abstraction / Planned behavior / Subjective movement / Social skills / Personality / Short-term memory Premotor Area Motor programming (indirect motor movement control) Primary Motor Cortex UMN of CST, CBT Area 4 Primary Somatosensory Cortex 3 rd order neurons of STT, TTT, etc Somatosensory Association Cortex (precuneus) AGNOSIA – tactile R hemisphere: anosognosia Multimodal association cortex integration Posterior parietal Lobe Dominant: Analytical Skills Non-Dom: Visuospatial orientation Visual Association Cortex Color, motion, depth Involuntary cortical eye fields Pursuit, scanning Primary Visual Cortex (calcarine cortex) Area 17 Right inferior frontal gyrus Dominant: Broca’s area (formulate speech) Area 44, 45 APHASIA – Broca’s Non-Dom: Language expression (prosody of speech) Primary auditory cortex Heschl’s convolutions Area 41, 42 AGNOSIA - auditory Auditory Asscociation Cortex Wernicke’s Area Language conprehension APHASIA – Wernicke’s Frontal eye fields Voluntary eye movements Insular cortex: Buried. Integrates visceral input – smell, taste, pain. AGNOSIA - visual APRAXIA APHASIA – Condution: Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus APHASIA – Global: Broca’s + Wernicke’s –Presylvian area LESIONS:

5. Lesions of Cerebral Hemispheres - Agnosia Agnosia - can’t understand or recognize sensory stimulation. –Lesion: association areas (visual or auditory) –Tactile – can’t correlate surface texture, shape, size & weight of object w/ past experience Lesion: parietal association cortex Asterognosia = lose form knowing (key, pin??) Agraphognosia = lose writing sense (8 in hand??) Tactile innatention / sensory neglect = can’t ID simultaneous stimulus (double stimulation test) –Anosognosia = lose disease awareness (what, I’m paralyzed??) Causes sensory inattention (hemineglect) to opposite side Common with acute vascular infarct >> neoplasm –Visual agnosia = lose ability to relate past to present Lesion: visual association area in dominant hemisphere See, but can’t recognize. “I didn’t know it was a phone until I touched it” -- small objects. People are still recognizable. –Dyslexia: can’t take visual symbols  spoken or written language »Lesion: in dominant inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal region & occipital lobe –Auditory agnosia = can’t appreciate meaning of sound (keys jingle, what??) Lesion: in dominant superior & middle temporal gyri ; Wernicke’s area

6. Lesions of Cerebral Hemispheres - Apraxia Apraxia – can’t follow verbal requests. Dominant hemisphere involved typically. –Dressing apraxia (‘comb your hair’ –Can’t!) Lesion: parietal / premotor area Not related to automatic movements –Construction apraxia (‘make toothpick square’ –Can’t!) Complex steps! See in degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s –Facial apraxia (‘stick out your tongue’ –Can’t!) Can’t do facial/oral movements on command even though they make stick out tongue later.

7. Lesions of Cerebral Hemispheres - Aphasia Aphasia – can’t process language b/c of brain lesion in dominant hemisphere –Broca’s aphasia - can’t formulate speech. (Know what they want to say but can’t) Agraphia – can’t express via writing (often part of Broca’s) (Broca’s is broken speech) –Wernicke’s aphasia – can’t recognize or comprehend meaning of known words. “Trable” Lesion: superior & middle temporal gyri Fluent speech, poor repetition (Wernicke’s is wordy, what??) –Conduction aphasia Lesion: superior longitudinal fasciculus –connects Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas Fluent speech, poor repeitition, good comprehension –Global aphasia Lesion: perisylvian area Poor comprehension, non-fluent speech

8. Thalamus MOTOR VPL – Body VPM – Face Pain, Temp, Touch, Proprioception, Vibration, Taste Pulvinar – association areas Dorsomedial – Prefrontal ctx / Memory Anterior – Mammillary bodies Interlaminar – ARAS Reticular – GABA BLOOD SUPPLY: -PCA  contralateral hemianesthesia  Thalamic syndrome!

9. Limbic Lobe: medial aspect, surrounds corpus callosum & diencephalon (Feeding – Fleeing – Fighting – Feeling – Fornication) Septal / subcallosal area Hippocampal formation (Memory consolidation) Parahippocampal gyrus Isthmus of cingulate gyrusCingulate gyrus Anterior part: emotional behavior & homeostasis Posterior part: learning & memory consolidation Primary olfactory cortex Projects to orbitofrontal gyri & insular cortex Fornix Nucleus accumbens – Dopamine receptors (pleasure center) Basal nucleus of Meynert – Secretes ACh Locus ceruleus – Secretes Norepi (antidepressants block NE reuptake) Raphe nuclei – Secretes Serotonin (tricyclic antidepressants  SE reuptake) Medial forebrain bundle – Secretes Dopamine Emotional Memory Amygdala (Fear of dog) Declarative Memory Hippocampus Procedural Memory Basal Ganglia