1. The study of Elements and compounds In organisms
BIOCHEMISTRY
The study of
Elements and compounds
In organisms

2. Element Compound the most basic form of any pure material.
Example: Hydrogen (H)
Example: Potassium (K)
Compound
A combination of elements. Many elements on earth remain bonded to other elements as compounds.
Examples: H2O, CO2, C6H12O6

3. A long chain of many (3 or more) monomers.
A single subunit. Many monomers can be joined to make larger molecules.
Polymer
A long chain of many (3 or more) monomers.

4. Macronutrients elements required in large amounts by living things.
Hydrogen Carbon
Oxygen Nitrogen

5. Elements needed in SMALL quantities (vitamins/minerals)
Micronutrients:
Elements needed in SMALL quantities (vitamins/minerals)
Zinc
Sodium
Chlorine
Iron
Phosphorous
Calcium
Magnesium
Iodine
Potassium
Sulfur
Etc…

6. Organic Compound A Combination of elements found in living things.
Organic compounds ALWAYS contain C and H (and usually O)

7. FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(Polymer)
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
SUBUNIT
(monomer)
Monosaccharide
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Amino acids
Nucleotides

8. How does this represent monomers & polymers?

9. CARBOHYDRATES Elements Subunit Monosaccharide Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
NOTE: Ring Shape!

10. CARBOHYDRATES EXAMPLES
Mono/dissaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Polysaccharides
Starch
Chitin
Glycogen
Cellulose

11. CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTION
Quick Energy
Plant Cell Walls
Exoskeletons
Animal Starch
ecdysis or molting

12. This is the HO HO HO molecule!
LIPIDS
Elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
FYI: (3+ : 1 ratio)
Subunit
3 fatty acids and
1 glycerol
Remember the cheer!
…raise the roof
Fatty acids are hydrophobic: they repel water.
This is the HO HO HO molecule!

13. LIPIDS examples Fats, oils, waxes Myelin sheath Cell membrane
Steroid hormones

14. LIPIDS function Stored Energy Insulation Cushions Organs
Regulation of reproductive system

15. Human adipose cells swollen with fat!!!!!
As we gain and lose weight, they just swell and shrink.
Humans can grow more fat cells, but can never get rid of them!!
…Makes you think twice about those French fries!!!

16. PROTEINS Elements Monomer •Carbon •Hydrogen •Oxygen •Nitrogen
•sometimes Sulfur
Monomer
Amino Acid
There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.

17. PROTEINS Examples Muscles Cell receptors Most hormones Enzymes
Antibodies

18. PROTEINS Function • structure • cell communication • control chemical
reaction rates
• fight diseases

19. NUCLEIC ACIDS Elements Monomer Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Monomer
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Nitrogenous
base
Sugar (5C)

20. NUCLEIC ACIDS Examples
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
Ribonucleic acid

21. NUCLEIC ACIDS Function
Instructions for:
Traits
Protein synthesis
Enzymes

22. NAME these groups!!
Know These!

23. NAME these structures!!!
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

24. How can you recognize this as an amino acid?
Peptide bond
What is the name of a bond formed between two amino acids?
polypeptide
Another name for a protein is a ___________.

25. Remember: HO HO HO, Santa ate too many lipids!

26. CHEMICAL REACTIONS

27. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
An H and an OH are taken from the molecules that are being joined.
The H and OH combine to form ________.
water
The other result is two monomers joined together. This forms a _____________.
polymer
Combining simple molecules into complex molecules by the removal of a molecule. Removing water is called _______________.
WATER
DEHYDRATION

28. Explain: a) process b) molecule formed c) molecule removed

29. Explain:
Process
Molecules joined
Name of bond formed
Molecule removed

30. HYDROLYSIS
controlled of large complex molecules into small soluble molecules by the addition of .
The life process for this reaction is .
Enzyme
breakdown
H2O
digestion
Adding water is called ________ and –lysis means to _____, thus HYDROLYSIS!
hydrate
split

31. CATALYST
A ______________ is a chemical that ____________ chemical reactions WITHOUT being __________ by that reaction.
CATALYST
SPEEDS UP
CHANGED

32. ENZYMES Enzymes ARE protein catalysts!
So…Enzymes SPEED UP chemical reactions in our bodies WITHOUT being changed in that reaction!
Enzymes are reused many times before the body gets rid of them.
Enzymes can join together or break apart molecules. What are those two processes called?

33. Most enzyme names end in –ase!
There are
OODLES
of Enzymes!!
Each
ENZYME is
specific
to its
SUBSTRATE.
Most enzyme names end in –ase!

34. Enzyme Vocab
Enzyme: a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed by that reaction.
Substrate: the molecule the enyzme is working on.
Product: the molecule created by the enzyme. NOTE* enzymes can JOIN molecules or SPLIT them!!

35. Enzyme Activity
Called the enzyme-substrate complex

36. Enzyme Action… again

37. Denature:
Extreme conditions can cause enzymes to denature, or change shape.
Normal
Denatured
Based on what you know about enzyme function, how does this change of shape impact how enzymes work?

38. Factors affecting Enzymes: 1.TEMPERATURE
Increasing temperature generally increases the rate of enzyme activity (speeds up how they work on substrates)
too HIGH of a temperature will denature enzymes
too LOW of a temperature will ONLY SLOW DOWN their function…NOT denature them!

39. Factors affecting Enzymes: 2.CONCENTRATION
(amount of enzyme or substrate)
4. Okay….now there are 20 pizzas and 10 delivery people? Can the delivery people work any faster?
3. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered and 10 delivery people?
How does this scenario relate to enzyme and substrate concentration?
1. If there are 10 pizzas to deliver and ONE delivery guy…how fast do you get your pizza (assuming you are last on the list)?
2. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered (you are last again) and there are 5 delivery people working?

40. Factors affecting enzymes:
3. pH (percent hydrogen in a solution)
pH measures acidity or basicness of a solution
Acid
low pH
(0 – 6.9)
Neutral
(pH of 7.0)
Basic
high pH
( ) 7 14

41. pH, continued… Each enzyme is designed to work in a certain pH range.
PH is TOO LOW or TOO HIGH, Enzyme denatures.
Relative rate of enzyme action
Gastric protease
Intestinal protease pH

42. BIOCHEMISTRY!!

43. Organic Compound Chart
Monomer(s)
Elements
Ratio of Elements
Uses
Examples
Fight disease
Muscle
Enzymes
Antibodies
Hair
Muscle
Most hormones
Cell receptors
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Amino Acids
Protein

44. Organic Compound Chart
Monomer(s)
Elements
Ratio of Elements
Uses
Examples
-Fight disease
-Muscle
-Enzymes
-Antibodies
-Hair
-Muscle
-Most hormones
-Cell receptors
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Amino Acids
Protein
Primary energy source
Cell wall
Exoskeletons
-starches
-sugar
-chitin
-cellulose
C:H:O
1:2:1
C, H, O
Mono-saccharides
Carbohydrates

45. Organic Compound Chart
Monomer(s)
Elements
Ratio of Elements
Uses
Examples
-Fight disease
-Muscle
-Enzymes
-Antibodies
-Hair
-Muscle
-Most hormones
-Cell receptors
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Amino Acids
Protein
Primary energy source
Cell wall
Exoskeletons
-starches
-sugar
-chitin
-cellulose
C:H:O
1:2:1
Mono-saccharides
C, H, O
Carbohydrates
C:H:O
1:3+:1
-Insulation
-Reserve Energy
-cushion organs
-Fats
-Oils
-Waxes
1 Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
C, H, O
Lipid

46. Organic Compound Chart
Monomer(s)
Elements
Ratio of Elements
Uses
Examples
-Fight disease
-Muscle
-Enzymes
-Antibodies
-Hair
-Muscle
-Most hormones
-Cell receptors
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Amino Acids
Protein
Primary energy source
Cell wall
Exoskeletons
-starches
-sugar
-chitin
-cellulose
C:H:O
1:2:1
Mono-saccharides
C, H, O
Carbohydrates
C:H:O
1:3+:1
-Insulation
-Reserve Energy
-cushion organs
-Fats
-Oils
-Waxes
1 Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
C, H, O
Lipid
-carries hereditary info
-controls protein production
1 sugar
1 phosphate
1 nitrogenous base
C, H, O, N, and more
Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA