1. English 4 British Literature Unit 1: Anglo Saxon Period 449-1066

3. Ancient Period (5000 BC-449 AD) Neolithic period, c. 5000-2000 BC, agriculture, mound tombs Neolithic period, c. 5000-2000 BC, agriculture, mound tombs –Non-Indo-European inhabitants –New Grange, Ireland, 3200 B.C., passage grave. –Stonehenge I & II (2800-2000 B.C.) Bronze Age, 2000-500 B.C. Bronze Age, 2000-500 B.C. –Indo-European language, burial with drinking vessels, flint, metal, farms, circular huts, oblong fields –Celtic inhabitants arrived around 750 B.C., hill forts Iron Age (begins in England around 500 B.C.) Iron Age (begins in England around 500 B.C.) –Celtic people in England: Britons (hence the name Britain/Britannia) (other Celtic tribes: Atrebates, Belgae, Brigantes, Catuvellauni, Dumnonii, Ordovices, Silures) –Celtic languages: Gaelic, Brythonic (Britannic)

5. Roman BritainRoman Britain (55 BC-410 AD) Roman Britain Julius Caesar invades Britain, 55 BC Julius Caesar invades Britain, 55 BC Roman conquest of Britain takes place gradually; Celtic peoples become Romanized under the influence of Roman administration, Latin culture and language Roman conquest of Britain takes place gradually; Celtic peoples become Romanized under the influence of Roman administration, Latin culture and language ongoing conflicts with tribes of Picts and Scots living in northern Britain; Hadrian's Wall (73 miles long), built 121-127 AD as a fortification against Picts and Scots ongoing conflicts with tribes of Picts and Scots living in northern Britain; Hadrian's Wall (73 miles long), built 121-127 AD as a fortification against Picts and ScotsHadrian's WallHadrian's Wall some degree of Christianization of the Britons took place after Emperor Constantine's adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire (313 AD) some degree of Christianization of the Britons took place after Emperor Constantine's adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire (313 AD) Roman-Celtic-Christian culture of Britain Roman-Celtic-Christian culture of Britain Roman departure from Britain in 410 AD (Romans forced to withdraw their troops from Britain due to Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire) Roman departure from Britain in 410 AD (Romans forced to withdraw their troops from Britain due to Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire)

6. Julius Caesar

7. Germanic Invasions Beginning around 375 the Huns from Central Asia attacked the Germanic tribes (Goths, Ostrogoths) settled in eastern Europe and drove them to invade the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was destabilized by attacks from the Huns and Germanic raids involving tribes such as the Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Lombards, etc. Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 410 AD. The Western Roman Empire finally fell to the Germanic invaders in 476 AD. Beginning around 375 the Huns from Central Asia attacked the Germanic tribes (Goths, Ostrogoths) settled in eastern Europe and drove them to invade the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was destabilized by attacks from the Huns and Germanic raids involving tribes such as the Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Lombards, etc. Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 410 AD. The Western Roman Empire finally fell to the Germanic invaders in 476 AD. Abandoned by the Romans in 410 AD, Britain is besieged by Picts and Scots Abandoned by the Romans in 410 AD, Britain is besieged by Picts and Scots British leader Vortigern (c. 425-450 AD) invites Germanic Saxons into alliance against Picts and Scots British leader Vortigern (c. 425-450 AD) invites Germanic Saxons into alliance against Picts and Scots Saxons turn against their British allies and begin their conquest of Britain (442 AD) Saxons turn against their British allies and begin their conquest of Britain (442 AD) Large-scale Germanic invasions of Britain by Saxons, Angles, and Jutes (449 AD) Large-scale Germanic invasions of Britain by Saxons, Angles, and Jutes (449 AD) British resistance. King Arthur was likely a British general fighting the Saxons, Battle of Mt. Badon (500 AD). Death of Arthur at Battle of Camlann (c. 537 AD) British resistance. King Arthur was likely a British general fighting the Saxons, Battle of Mt. Badon (500 AD). Death of Arthur at Battle of Camlann (c. 537 AD) Britons defeated by Germanic invaders and driven away into Wales, Cornwall, Ireland, and Brittany (on northwest coast of France) Britons defeated by Germanic invaders and driven away into Wales, Cornwall, Ireland, and Brittany (on northwest coast of France) Anglo-Saxons in control of Britain by sixth century; land renamed "England" Anglo-Saxons in control of Britain by sixth century; land renamed "England" Roman, Celtic, and Christian culture displaced from England. Roman, Celtic, and Christian culture displaced from England.

8. Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) England (449-1066 AD) Germanic culture dominant in England (pagan, warrior society centered on institution of kinship band or comitatus; worship of wild animals like boar, bear, and wolf; blood revenge and wergild (man-money); importance of acquisition and distribution of treasure; emphasis on pride and glory in battle; heroic poetry; mead drinking and social gatherings in banquet hall; belief in fixed destiny or wyrd) Germanic culture dominant in England (pagan, warrior society centered on institution of kinship band or comitatus; worship of wild animals like boar, bear, and wolf; blood revenge and wergild (man-money); importance of acquisition and distribution of treasure; emphasis on pride and glory in battle; heroic poetry; mead drinking and social gatherings in banquet hall; belief in fixed destiny or wyrd) Co-existence of seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (Heptarchy): Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia (Angles), Kent (Jutes), Essex, Sussex, Wessex (Saxons); seventh century Northumbrian dominance, eighth century Mercian dominance, ninth/tenth century West Saxon dominance Co-existence of seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (Heptarchy): Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia (Angles), Kent (Jutes), Essex, Sussex, Wessex (Saxons); seventh century Northumbrian dominance, eighth century Mercian dominance, ninth/tenth century West Saxon dominance Pope Gregory sends to Kent a Benedictine monk named Augustine (not to be confused with the more famous St. Augustine of Hippo c. 354-430 A.D.) in 597 AD. Beginnings of the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons. Pope Gregory sends to Kent a Benedictine monk named Augustine (not to be confused with the more famous St. Augustine of Hippo c. 354-430 A.D.) in 597 AD. Beginnings of the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons. Aethelbert I of Kent (Jutes), converted to Christianity by Augustine, first Christian king of Anglo- Saxon England; also compiled law code (c. 600) (including definitions and rules of kinship, use of wergild, status of slaves, freemen, and nobles) Aethelbert I of Kent (Jutes), converted to Christianity by Augustine, first Christian king of Anglo- Saxon England; also compiled law code (c. 600) (including definitions and rules of kinship, use of wergild, status of slaves, freemen, and nobles) Gradual Christianization of Anglo-Saxons by Roman and Irish missionaries (St. Aidan and others, 635-655); coexistence of Christian and pagan beliefs, Wyrd and Divine Providence; persistence of pagan customs (e.g. the ship burial of East-Anglian king Raedwald at Sutton Hoo,c. 625 AD) Gradual Christianization of Anglo-Saxons by Roman and Irish missionaries (St. Aidan and others, 635-655); coexistence of Christian and pagan beliefs, Wyrd and Divine Providence; persistence of pagan customs (e.g. the ship burial of East-Anglian king Raedwald at Sutton Hoo,c. 625 AD) first Viking attacks 787AD first Viking attacks 787AD

9. Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) England (449-1066 AD) Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (r. 871-899), victories over Vikings at Ashdown (871) and Edington (878);Treaty of Wedmore (878) forcing Danish king Guthrum to accept Christianity and retreat to Danelaw (in east England); Alfred captures London (886) and is recognized as king of all England (except for Danish parts) Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (r. 871-899), victories over Vikings at Ashdown (871) and Edington (878);Treaty of Wedmore (878) forcing Danish king Guthrum to accept Christianity and retreat to Danelaw (in east England); Alfred captures London (886) and is recognized as king of all England (except for Danish parts) West Saxon dialect became literary standard of Old English literature West Saxon dialect became literary standard of Old English literature renewed Scandinavian invasions in late 10th and early 11th centuries renewed Scandinavian invasions in late 10th and early 11th centuries Aethelred II Unraed (the "unwise" or "un-ready") (r. 978-1016), king of England, very ineffective in resisting Scandinavian invasions; lost his throne to Danish leader Canute Aethelred II Unraed (the "unwise" or "un-ready") (r. 978-1016), king of England, very ineffective in resisting Scandinavian invasions; lost his throne to Danish leader Canute Canute, Danish king of England (r. 1016-1035), married Aethelred's widow Emma and fathered Hardecanute, king of England (r. 1040-1042) Canute, Danish king of England (r. 1016-1035), married Aethelred's widow Emma and fathered Hardecanute, king of England (r. 1040-1042)