1. The Mexican Revolution David Siquieros Mural: “Poeple in Arms”

2. 2 Mexico Under Porfirio Diaz Diaz became President in 1877, and imposed order by suppressing opposition. He attracted foreign investors, especially the United States By 1908 the United States controlled ¾ of Mexican mining By 1913 more than ½ of Mexico’s $2 Billion in foreign investments came from the United States

3. Porfirio Díaz (1830-1915) Los Rurales

4. 4 The seeds of revolution Diaz’s policies were not popular with all Mexicans, especially the workers and the poor Emiliano Zapata wanted land for the American Indian peasant population Diaz resigned in May of 1911 after rebel troops were victorious in northern and central Mexican cities

5. Plan de San Luis Potosi Madero Called for overthrow of the Porfiriato Became so popular was jailed Plan de Ayala Zapata Denouncing Madero, call for free elections Pascual Orozco, Leader of Revolution Land back to the people Plan de Guadalupe Carranza Overthrow of Huerta Free elections Rule of law

7. Francisco Madero

8. Madero and the Revolutionary Leadership, 1911

9. Emiliano Zapata and the Revolution in Morelos

10. Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) David Siquieros‘ “Zapata on Horseback”

11. Zapatistas moving to take cornfields.

12. 12 Fransisco Madero Madero was elected President in 1911 The United States supported Madero’s attempt to create a democratic government by placing an embargo on arms sales to his opponents February 1913 = rebels, led by his own military chiefs, attack Madero’s forces to gain control of Mexico Victoriano Huerta, Madero’s commanding general, took control of the country Madero was imprisoned and killed while supposedly trying to escape

13. 13 Huerta’s Mexico Most European governments recognized Huerta as the new leader of Mexico The United States did NOT recognize Huerta because of how he had come to power. President Wilson began his “watchful waiting” for a chance to take Huerta out of power Huerta also faced opposition from 4 rebel armies led by Venustiano Carranza, Fransisco ‘Pancho’ Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon

14. General Victoriano Huerta

15. 15 The Dolphin Incident  the US ship was stationed near Tampico, a town controlled by Huerta. Several crew members were arrested by Huerta loyalists when they went ashore. They were released, and an apology was offered by the arresting soldiers’ superiors BUT the United States demanded a formal apology and a 21 gun salute to the American flag April 22-Congress gave Wilson permission to use armed forces against Mexico

16. 16 United States Intervention Wilson got his opportunity to act quickly The United States seized the port city of Veracruz because they had learned a German ship was landing there with arms for Huerta 19 marines and over 300 Mexican civilians were killed during the capture of the city. Huerta’s troops had already left the city

17. April 1914: President Wilson sends U.S. troops to occupy Veracruz

18. 18 Other countries intervene Argentina, Brazil, and Chile– the ABC powers convened a conference about the crisis in Mexico They called for Huerta’s resignation and the creation of a provisional government Huerta refused until July 1914 when he resigned and fled to Spain

19. 19 The End of the Revolution In March 1915 Venustiano Carranza became the provisional president of Mexico after he re- entered Mexico City. The United States recognized his government six months later 2/3 of Mexico was still under the control of rebel leaders Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa until April 1915 when Villa was defeated

20. Villa and Zapata in Mexico City November, 1914

21. Villa’s Troops Enter Chihuahua, 1914

22. The First Chief: Carranza

23. Venustiano Carranza (1859-1920) “Plan of Guadalupe”

24. Venutiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregón

25. Alvaro Obregón (1880-1923)

26. 26 Pancho Villa Villa was upset the United States had recognized Carranza’s government because he believed the United States should not have interfered in Mexican politics Villa raided a small New Mexican town-- 17 Americans and over 100 of Villa’s men were killed Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Mexico to capture Villa “dead or alive”

27. Pancho Villa and His Supporters

28. 28 The Pursuit of Pancho Villa 15,000 US troops tried to capture Villa in his home state, but they were unsuccessful Pershing’s troops battled Mexican soldiers when the US troops entered the city of Carrizal instead of going around it When Wilson realized a war between the 150,000 US troops on Mexico’s border and the Mexicans was imminent, Wilson ordered the troops to withdraw in January 1917

29. Pancho Villa 1880-1923

30. 30 Venustiano Carranza in Power Carranza called for a Constitutional Convention in December 1916 Villa was still in hiding and Zapata’s only stronghold was in the South A new constitution was ratified in February 1917 The constitution put the common welfare above that of individual rights; protected workers with an 8 hour day, the right to establish unions, and collectively bargain; and established national ownership of most of Mexico’s natural resources

31. Las Soldaderas