1. Chapter 23 Respiratory Bio 211 lab

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System Figure 23–1 The Components of the Respiratory System.

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System Organization of the Respiratory System – The respiratory system is divided into Upper respiratory system: above the __________ Lower respiratory system: from __________down

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System The Respiratory Tract – Consists of a conducting portion From nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles – Consists of a respiratory portion The respiratory bronchioles and alveoli Alveoli – Are air-filled pockets within the lungs Where all ______________takes place

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System The Respiratory Epithelium – For gases to exchange efficiently… Alveoli walls must be very thin (<1 µm) Surface area must be very great (about 35 times the outer surface area of the body!)

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System The Respiratory Mucosa consists of: An epithelial layer (respiratory epithelium) And an areolar layer called the lamina propria – Lines the conducting portion of respiratory system

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System The Lamina Propria – In the upper respiratory system, trachea, and bronchi contains mucous glands that secrete onto epithelial surface – In the conducting portion of lower respiratory system contains smooth muscle cells that encircle lumen of bronchioles

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System Figure 23–2a The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System: A Surface View.

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System Figure 23–2b, c The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System.

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System Structure of Respiratory Epithelium changes along respiratory tract – Alveolar Epithelium Is a very delicate, simple squamous epithelium Contains scattered and specialized cells Lines exchange surfaces of alveoli

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System The Respiratory Defense System – Consists of a series of filtration/cleaning mechanisms – Removes particles and pathogens

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Components of the Respiratory System Respiratory Defense System – Mucous cells and mucous glands Produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces – Cilia ___________________sweeps debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx – Filtration (hair in nasal cavity) removes large particles – Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach alveoli

13. Nasal Cavity Functions are to: – Filter, warm and humidify the air – Acts as a resonating chamber for speech Nasal Conchae: – Create turbulence in incoming air for what reason?

14. The Lungs From nasal cavity and pharynx, air is directed down trachea – Trachea splits into two Primary Bronchi  Secondary Bronchi  Tertiary Bronchi (supply air to bronchioles) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. The Lungs Bronchial Structure – The walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi Contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle Increased muscle tension affects airway constriction/ resistance Bronchitis – Inflammation of bronchial walls Causes constriction and breathing difficulty

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs The Bronchioles – Tertiary bronchi  bronchioles  terminal bronchioles  respiratory bronchioles (FYI…One tertiary bronchus forms about 6,500 terminal bronchioles!) Bronchiole Structure – Bronchioles Have little to no cartilage Are dominated by smooth muscle

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs Autonomic Control – Regulates smooth muscle Controls diameter of bronchioles Controls airflow and resistance in lungs Bronchodilation – Dilation of bronchial airways – Caused by sympathetic? OR parasympathetic? stimulation – Reduces resistance to air flow

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs Bronchoconstriction – Constricts bronchioles – Caused by sympathetic? OR parasympathetic? stimulation – histamine release (allergic reactions) – Asthma Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction Stimulation severely restricts airflow by increasing resistance

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Figure 23–9 The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung.

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Figure 23–9 The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung.

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs Surfaces of the Lungs – Each respiratory bronchiole delivers air to a single pulmonary lobule – Each pulmonary lobule is supplied by pulmonary arteries/veins (pulmonary circuit)

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs An Alveolus – Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts – Alveolar ducts end at alveolar ________ Common chambers connected to many individual alveoli – Alveoli surrounded by: _______________ – Emphysema destruction of alveolar walls less surface area for gas exchange

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs Figure 23–10 Respiratory Tissue.

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Figure 23–11b Alveolar Organization: A Diagrammatic View of Structure.

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs Alveolar Epithelium – Consists of __________________epithelium thin, delicate type I cells – Patrolled by _________________ also called “dust cells” – Also contains type II pneumocytes/septal cells produce _______________ Keep alveoli open by reducing surface tension in H2O – Respiratory Distress Difficult respiration due to alveolar collapse

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs Blood Supply to “Pulmonary Lobules” – Respiratory exchange surfaces receive blood from pulmonary ___________ – A capillary network surrounds each alveolus as part of the respiratory membrane – Blood from alveolar capillaries returns to L.A. of heart through pulmonary __________

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs Blood Supply to the “lung tissue” – Capillaries supplied by ______________ Provide oxygen and nutrients to tissues of conducting passageways of lung – Venous blood bypasses the systemic circuit and flows into pulmonary veins

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs Blood Pressure – In pulmonary circuit is low (30 mm Hg) – Pulmonary vessels can be easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles – This is called a ____________________

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes – Two pleural cavities Are separated by the mediastinum – Each pleural cavity Holds a lung Is lined with a serous membrane (pleura)

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Lungs The Pleura – Consists of two layers of serosa ____________pleura (cavity wall) ____________pleura (on outer organ surface) – Pleural fluid Lubricates space between two layers Also adheres the two pleura together

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Pulmonary Ventilation Figure 23–16c, d The Respiratory Muscles.

32. Refer to Collection of Anatomy Images for additional respiratory figures (pp. 50-51, 65).