1. Abnormal Psychology Unit 7 Dementia, Alzheimer’s, Dissociation & Mind/Body Medicine

2. Brain Disorders: Dementia & Alzheimer’s Disease –These disorders are considered neuropsychological problems. –Symptoms include: Impairment to attention Memory problems Disorientation Poor judgment Confusion General loss of intellectual functions (Maxmen, Ward & Kilgus, 2009, p. 209).

3. Secondary Psychopathology Symptoms –Secondary to cognitive problems related to brain disorders psychopathological issues can occur: Psychotic symptoms –Hallucinations –Paranoia –Delusions/Illusions Emotional Deregulation –Depression –Anxiety –Fear –Irritability

4. Personality changes Behavioral Disturbances –Agitation –Aggression (Maxmen, Ward & Kilgus, 2009, p. 209).

5. –Research has determined that brain disorders can be contributed to “medical, neurological, and/or biochemical alterations in the brain’s structure or function” (Maxmen, Ward & Kilgus, 2009, p. 209). –Prevalence increasing with longer life spans. Women: 1-5 that reach age 65 Men: 1-6 that reach age 65 (Maxmen, Ward & Kilgus, 2009, p. 209).

6. Dissociative Disorder –While dissociative states of consciousness are fairly common: from day dreaming, meditating, “in the zone” while focusing on a project, or sleeping; dissociative disorders are defined as “disturbances or alteration in the normal integrative functions of consciousness, identity, or memory” (p. 445), and are generally “activated by a psychosocial trigger” (p. 444).

7. Dissociative Disorders –Dissociative Amnesia: Alteration of conscious with personal events forgotten. –Dissociative Fugue: Identity & behavior change - forgetting old life and beginning a new one. –Dissociative Identity Disorder: Numerous identities/personalities arise - trauma related. –Depersonalization Disorder: Individual feels as an observer outside of his/her body/mind. –Dissociative Disorder NOS: Covers brainwashing, trance states, and derealization without depersonalization (p. 445).

8. Dissociative Identity Disorder –All dissociative states are caused by a severe psychosocial stresser. Amnesia - forgets what is painful. Fugue - runs from it. Multiple Personality - displaces it with new identity. Depersonalization - one abandons it (p. 449). –Of the Dissociative disorders DID is definitely the worst as far as symptoms and causal reasons for the development of the disorder.

9. “Dissociation into different identities defends against trauma by isolating the horror, sectioning off the child’s negative self-images, and permitting a modicum of self-control” (p. 451). Most individuals with DID report physical and/or sexual abuse as children (p. 451).

10. –Research has shown that repeated sexual incest and significant abuse before age five have most severe mental health symptoms (Chandler, 2010). –Children with repeated patterns of abuse have a higher incidence of alterations of consciousness: Dissociation Depersonalization Nightmares Flashbacks Disorientation Difficulties with attention regulation Sensorimotor development disorders (Chandler, 2010, p. 3).

11. –Consciousness symptoms of CSA similar to PTSD (Aoto-Sullivan, 2000; Sargent, 2009; van der Kolk, 2006a). Adult problems associated with these disorders: –Mood disorders –Suicidal ideation –Substance abuse –Body dysmorphic issues –Sexual promiscuity –Sexually transmitted diseases –Domestic violence (Chandler, 2010).

12. –Trauma interferes with neurobioological development, physiological dysregulation, and increases risks for these health issues in adults: Heart disease Cancer Stroke Diabetes Skeletal fractures Liver disease (Briere, 1992; Chandler, 2010; Sargent, 2009; van der Kolk, 1994, 2006a).

13. Mind/Body Correlations Integrative Medicine: A Paradigm Shift –Bessel van der Kolk, MD - “Medical Director of Trauma Center in Boston, found evidence that trauma affects the whole person and treatment is more effective if it integrates psychotherapy with somatic, body-memory treatment such as EMDR, art therapy, and massage” (Collinge et al, 2005; van der Kolk, 1994; as cited in Chandler, 2010, p. 21).

14. –As trauma, Dissociative Disorders, Childhood Sexual Abuse, & Post Traumatic Stress Disorder have so many similar symptoms that combine as body/mind problems it stands to reason that integrative medicine holds the key to helping individuals with these disorders.

15. Mind/Body Therapies –Cognitive/Behavioral with Mindfulness Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Acceptance and Commitment Therapy –Somatic Therapies Somatic Expressive Therapy Art Therapy Dance Therapy –Energy Medicine Massage Acupuncture Chiropractic

16. Reiki Emotional Freedom Therapy Quantum Healing Techniques –Personal Spiritual Practices Meditation Yoga Tai Chi Sufi Dancing/Circle Dancing –Nutrition/Exercise. Nutritional Therapy Any form of enjoyable exercise: walking, running, hiking, etc.

17. –Creativity Art Music Dance Gardening Journaling Blogging Scrapebooking

18. –Each of these integrated areas have been endorsed through research with helping to integrate the left/right hemispheres of the brain, resulting in moving individuals out of the trauma response in the lymbic brain (fight, flight, freeze mode, as well as the area responsible for pleasure/pain sensations and feelings) (Chandler, 2010). As we develop more clinical settings that incorporate all of these types of therapeutic modalities, we may find that individuals that suffer with these debilitating disorders have the ability to heal.

19. References Aoto-Sullivan, S. Y. (2000). The efficacy of short and long term therapy in the treatment of childhood sexual abuse. Masters thesis, Rosemead School of Psychology, Biola University. Retrieved October 10, 2008, from http://worldcat.org/ocls/45965564 http://worldcat.org/ocls/45965564 Bartlett, R. (2007). Matrix energetics: The science and art of transformation. New York, NY: Atria Books. Bartlett, R. (2009). The physics of miracles: Tapping into the field of consciousness potential. New York, NY: Atria Books

20. Briere, J. (1992). Methodological issues in the study of sexual abuse effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(2), 196-203. Retrieved March 30, 2008, from http://www.johnbriere.com/stm.htm http://www.johnbriere.com/stm.htm Briere, J., & Conti, J. (1993). Self-reported amnesia for abuse in adults molested as children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(1), 21-31. Briere, J., & Richards, S. (2007). Self-awareness, affect regulation, and relatedness: Differential sequels of childhood versus adult victimization experiences. The Chicago Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 19(6), 497-508. Retrieved March 30, 2008, from http://www.johnbriere.com/stm.htm

21. Chandler, P. L. (2010). Resiliency in healing from childhood sexual abuse. Dissertation for Saybrook University, San Francisco, CA: ProQuest Dissertations C ollinge, W., Wentworth, R., & Sabo, S. (2005). Integrating complementary therapies into community mental health practice: An exploration. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 11(3), 569-574. Field, T. (2009). Complementary and alternative therapies: Research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

22. Sargent, J. (2009). Traumatic stress in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Times, 9-13. Maxmen, J.S., Ward, N.G., & Kilgus, M. (2009). Essential Psychopathology & its treatment (3rd Ed.). New York, NY: Norton & Company. van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1, 253-265. van der Kolk, B. A. (2006a). Clinical implications of neuroscience research in PTSD. [Electronic version]. Annuals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 17(1), 277-293. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from ProQuest database.

23. van der Kolk, B. A. (2006b). Developmental trauma disorder: A new, rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. [Electronic version]. Psychiatric Annals, 200X, 2-8. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from ProQuest database. van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C., & Weisaeth, L. (1996). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York, NY: Guilford Press.