1. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life Charles Page High School Dr. Stephen L. Cotton

2. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Who was the first scientist who attempted to disprove spontaneous generation? Redi l Spallanzani demonstrated that Needham found microorganisms in the gravy in his bottles, because Needham had not boiled it enough

3. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l To demonstrate that microorganisms entered the flasks along with dust particles from the air, Pasteur broke neck off l Who was the scientist whose work was most effective in disproving spontaneous generation? Pasteur

4. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Stanley Miller used electric sparks and ultraviolet light to simulate lightning and sunlight. l Scientists believe that the Earth was formed as a gas and dust particles. l The Earth cooled enough for solid rock to form on it’s surface about 4 billion years ago.

5. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Evidence that the Earth’s early atmosphere did not contain oxygen comes from lack of rust in early rock. l Evidence indicates that the Earth’s oceans developed about 3.8 billion years ago.

6. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Which of the following events was LEAST important for the development of multicellular organisms? evolution of asexual reproduction

7. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Microfossils provide outlines of cells that have been identified as prokaryotes. l Paleontologists have found fossils of microscopic organisms dated as far back as 3.5 billion years ago.

8. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l When Stanley Miller analyzed the organic “soup” resulting from his experiment, he did not find which of the following? carbon dioxide

9. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Results from repeated experiments by Miller and others on the origin of life forms indicate what about the formation of ATP? It forms in the absence of oxygen l Each of the following has been found in objects from outer space except: gaseous oxygen

10. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Some biologists believe that the first true cells arose when lipids from a shallow pool dried and formed spheres around DNA molecules. l The water that gushes out of volcanic vents contains sulfur compounds.

11. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l According to Bernal and Cairns- Smith, attractive forces concentrated nucleic acids onto clay crystals. l A prokaryote and eukaryote each contain: cell membrane

12. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Each of the following conditions around volcanic vents is favorable for reactions leading to life except: or weak currents

13. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing involves metabolic pathways. l The first autotrophs were common on the Earth about 3.4 billion years ago.

14. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Spontaneous generation cannot occur today because the Earth contains bacteria that break down organic compounds. l The first great change in life on Earth occurred with the development of a modern form of photosynthesis

15. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l The modern form of photosynthesis first occurred about 2.2 billion years ago. l Compared with earlier forms of photosynthesis, today’s plants substitute Water for Sulfur. l The first eukaryotic cells evolved about 1.4-1.6 billions years ago.

16. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l One beneficial effect of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere was azone l Organisms that can survive only in deep mud cannot tolerate oxygen. l Compared with anaerobic pathways, aerobic pathways obtain 18x from each sugar molecule ______ times more energy.

17. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l A meteorite that landed in Australia in 1969 contained lipids. l In the organic soup of the Earth’s oceans, Oparin and Fox found that amino acids linked together to form short-chain proteins. l The first true cells had what type of nutrition? Heterotroph

18. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Organisms that grew in layered, mat-like formations about 3.4 billion years ago were stromatolites. l Modern photosynthesis transformed the Earth into an aerobic planet. l The hypothesis that mice arose from grain is called spontaneous generation

19. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Anaerobic bacteria can be found today in deep mud. l Anaerobic organisms cannot utilize oxygen in their metabolic pathways. l The earliest living things were eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

20. Chapter 16 Review The Origin of Life l Today, bacteria that live near volcanic vents obtain energy from sulfur compounds.