1. Table of Contents Chapter 4 Part 2 Sensation and Perception

2. Table of Contents Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects Reversible figures Perceptual sets –motivational forces can foster perceptual sets Inattentional blindness Feature detection theory - bottom-up processing

3. Table of Contents Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects Form perception - top-down processing Subjective contours Gestalt psychologists: the whole is more than the sum of its parts –Reversible figures and perceptual sets demonstrate that the same visual stimulus can result in very different perceptions

4. Table of Contents Figure 4.25 Feature analysis in form perception

5. Table of Contents Figure 4.26 Bottom-up versus top-down processing

6. Table of Contents Figure 4.27 Subjective contours

7. Table of Contents Principles of Perception Gestalt principles of form perception: –figure-ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and simplicity Recent research: –Distal (stimuli outside the body) vs. proximal (stimulus energies impinging on sensory receptors) stimuli –Perceptual hypotheses Context

8. Table of Contents Figure 4.28 The principle of figure and ground

9. Table of Contents Figure 4.29 Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

10. Table of Contents Figure 4.30 Distal and proximal stimuli

11. Table of Contents Figure 4.31 A famous reversible figure

12. Table of Contents Depth and Distance Perception Binocular cues – clues from both eyes together –retinal disparity –convergence Monocular cues – clues from a single eye –motion parallax –accommodation –pictorial depth cues

13. Table of Contents Stability in the Perceptual World: Perceptual Constancies Perceptual constancies – stable perceptions amid changing stimuli –Size –Shape –Brightness –Hue –Location in space

14. Table of Contents Optical Illusions: The Power of Misleading Cues Optical Illusions - discrepancy between visual appearance and physical reality Famous optical illusions: Muller-Lyer Illusion, Ponzo Illusion, Poggendorf Illusion, Upside-Down T Illusion, Zollner Illusion, the Ames Room, and Impossible Figures Cultural differences: perceptual hypotheses at work

15. Table of Contents Figure 4.44 The Ames room

16. Table of Contents Figure 4.45 Three classic impossible figures

17. Table of Contents Hearing: The Auditory System Stimulus = sound waves (vibrations of molecules traveling in air) –Amplitude (loudness) –Wavelength (pitch) –Purity (timbre) Wavelength described in terms of frequency: measured in cycles per second (Hz) –Frequency increase = pitch increase

18. Table of Contents Figure 4.47 Sound, the physical stimulus for hearing