1. DO NOW!!  What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?  Why do plants need sunlight?  What gases are exchanged between plants and animals?  What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?  Why do plants need sunlight?  What gases are exchanged between plants and animals?

2. Overview Of Photosynthesis

3. Objectives  To be able to list the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis.  To be able to identify the structures in a chloroplast.  To be able to summarize light- dependent reactions.  To be able to list the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis.  To be able to identify the structures in a chloroplast.  To be able to summarize light- dependent reactions.

4. Video intro  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eo5XndJaz-Y

5. Photosynthesis  Process of converting light energy to chemical energy!!  Used by autotrophs to produce food  All of our energy starts as light energy!  Plants use sunlight to make food  animals eat plants  other animals eat those animals  Process of converting light energy to chemical energy!!  Used by autotrophs to produce food  All of our energy starts as light energy!  Plants use sunlight to make food  animals eat plants  other animals eat those animals

6. Photosynthetic Organisms  Go through Photosynthesis to produce GLUCOSE…  Autotrophs  “Producers” in the food web  Consist of plants, protists, cyanobacteria  Go through Photosynthesis to produce GLUCOSE…  Autotrophs  “Producers” in the food web  Consist of plants, protists, cyanobacteria

7. Photosynthesis: The Chemical Equation

8. Overview of Phases  1) Light dependent  Light energy is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. (also produces oxygen as byproduct!)  2) Light independent (Calvin Cycle)  CO 2 ATP and NADPH (from light dependent) are used to make glucose.  1) Light dependent  Light energy is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. (also produces oxygen as byproduct!)  2) Light independent (Calvin Cycle)  CO 2 ATP and NADPH (from light dependent) are used to make glucose. *Glucose is the basic building block for more complex sugars such as starch.*

9. Glucose

10. The Chloroplast

11. Structures within a chloroplast  Thylakoids :  flattened sac-like membranes arranged in stacks (stacks are called grana).  Light-dependent reactions take place here.  Electron transport occurs in the thylakoid membrane

12. Structures within a chloroplast (cont.)  Stroma:  Aqueous space outside the grana.  Light-independent reactions take place here.  Stroma:  Aqueous space outside the grana.  Light-independent reactions take place here.

13. Light Dependent Reactions  Step 1: Light energy reaches photosytem II, exciting electrons and causing water molecule to split. - H + is released, stays in thylakoid space. - O 2 is given off as a byproduct. - Electron released into electron transport system

14.  Step 2: Excited electrons move from photosystem II through the membrane  As they move, protons (H + ) are pumped into thylakoid space (**active transport!! Tada!!) Light Dependent Reactions

15. Light Dependent Reaction  Step 3: At photosystem I, electrons are re-energized and transferred to ferrodoxin (helper protein):  NADPH (energy storage molecule) is formed from NADP+ (we need this for the Calvin Cycle!)

16. Light Dependent Reactions  Step 4: Hydrogen ions move through the ATP Synthase because of the concentration gradient, creating ATP from ADP

17. Light Dependent Reactions http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/ltrxn.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joZ1EsA5_NY http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/ltrxn.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joZ1EsA5_NY

18. Do Now!! What goes into a light dependent reaction? What comes out? What is the goal of a light dependent reaction? What is given off as a byproduct? What is the name of the protein that converts NADP+ to NADPH (the last electron acceptor)? What goes into a light dependent reaction? What comes out? What is the goal of a light dependent reaction? What is given off as a byproduct? What is the name of the protein that converts NADP+ to NADPH (the last electron acceptor)?

19. Objectives  To review light dependent reactions  To introduce light independent reactions by completing a Calvin Cycle activity  To review light dependent reactions  To introduce light independent reactions by completing a Calvin Cycle activity

20. The Calvin Cycle  Takes place in the STROMA  Uses NADPH and ATP from Phase I (light dependent reactions)  Needs CO 2 !!!  Produces GLUCOSE!!  Takes place in the STROMA  Uses NADPH and ATP from Phase I (light dependent reactions)  Needs CO 2 !!!  Produces GLUCOSE!!

21. Calvin Cycle  Functions like a sugar factory within a chloroplast  Regenerates the starting material with each turn

22. Calvin Cycle Inputs -ATP -NADPH -CO 2 Outputs -Glucose -NADP+ -ADP Outputs -Glucose -NADP+ -ADP

23. Calvin Cycle

25. Do Now!!  How does our body make energy?  What are the outputs of photosynthesis?  What do you think the outputs of cellular respiration are?  How does our body make energy?  What are the outputs of photosynthesis?  What do you think the outputs of cellular respiration are?

26. Objectives  To compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration  To identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration  To define NADH and FADH2  To compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration  To identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration  To define NADH and FADH2

27. So, what is cellular respiration?

28. How does cellular respiration compare to photosynthesis? PhotosynthesisCell Respiration CO 2 + H 2 O + lightO 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP CO 2 + H 2 O + Light  O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP Inputs Outputs Chemical Formula

29. All cells require energy to do work o Aerobic = NEEDS OXYGEN!! o In aerobic respiration we use oxygen to help release the energy stored in bonds. o Anaerobic = does NOT require oxygen o Aerobic = NEEDS OXYGEN!! o In aerobic respiration we use oxygen to help release the energy stored in bonds. o Anaerobic = does NOT require oxygen

30. NADH and FADH 2  FADH 2 (Riboflavin)  FADH 2 FAD + 2 H + + 2e-  B 2 Vitamin  NADH (Niacin)  NADH NAD + + H + + 2e-  B 3 Vitamin  FADH 2 (Riboflavin)  FADH 2 FAD + 2 H + + 2e-  B 2 Vitamin  NADH (Niacin)  NADH NAD + + H + + 2e-  B 3 Vitamin *These are electron carriers!

31. Steps of Cellular Respiration  Step 1: Glycolysis (anaerobic, cytoplasm)  Step 2: Krebs Cycle (aerobic, mitochondrial matrix)  Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (aerobic, mitochondrial membrane)

32. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Lactic acid or CO2/ethanol Cytoplasm

33. Steps of Cellular Respiration (cont.)  1. Glycolysis:  Occurs in the cytoplasm  We break glucose in half (2 pyruvates)  We make a small amount of ATP (2)  (we made 4 total, but had to use two ATP to break down glucose)  Make NADH (used to make ATP later on) InputsOutputs 4 ADP2 ATP (net) 2 NAD+2 NADH 1 glucose2 Pyruvates

34. Steps of Cellular Respiration (cont)  2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)  Occurs in mitochondrial matrix  We take the broken glucose (pyruvates) and make more ATP, NADH, and another molecule called FADH2.  We also release CO2 InputsOutputs 2 Pyruvates6 CO2 NAD+NADH 2 ADP2 ATP FAD FADH2

35. Steps of Cellular Respiration (cont)  3. Electron Transport Chain  Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane  Takes NADH and FADH2 and makes a lot of ATP (32)!!  Uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor to make water InputOutput 6 O26 H2O 32 ADP 32 ATP NADHNAD+ FADH2FAD

36. Do Now!!  Where does the electron transport chain take place?  How many ATP are produced?  How many total molecules of ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose?  Where does the electron transport chain take place?  How many ATP are produced?  How many total molecules of ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose?

37. Objectives  To define anaerobic respiration.  To compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.  To define anaerobic respiration.  To compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

38. Stand up!  Move your arms up and down for one minute!  Do not stop until the time is up!  What is happening in your arms?  Move your arms up and down for one minute!  Do not stop until the time is up!  What is happening in your arms?

39. Anaerobic Respiration  Making ATP without oxygen (fermentation)  Problems:  Only 2 net ATP per glucose molecule  Limited amount of NAD+  Yeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus  Used to make beer, wine, and bread  Making ATP without oxygen (fermentation)  Problems:  Only 2 net ATP per glucose molecule  Limited amount of NAD+  Yeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus  Used to make beer, wine, and bread

40. 2 Main Types of Fermentation  1. Lactic Acid Fermentation  Pyruvate from glycolysis converted to lactic acid  Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” associated with heavy exercise  1. Lactic Acid Fermentation  Pyruvate from glycolysis converted to lactic acid  Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” associated with heavy exercise

41. Lactic Acid Fermentation  Inputs:  Glucose, 2ADP  Outputs:  2ATP, 2 lactic acid  Ex:  Bacteria that help in making yogurt, cheese and sour cream.  Human muscle cells when out of oxygen.  Inputs:  Glucose, 2ADP  Outputs:  2ATP, 2 lactic acid  Ex:  Bacteria that help in making yogurt, cheese and sour cream.  Human muscle cells when out of oxygen.

42. Lactic Acid Fermentation  Physical conditioning allows your body to adapt to increased activity:  The body can increase its ability to deliver oxygen to muscles  Long-distance runners wait until the final sprint to exceed their aerobic capacity  Physical conditioning allows your body to adapt to increased activity:  The body can increase its ability to deliver oxygen to muscles  Long-distance runners wait until the final sprint to exceed their aerobic capacity

43. 2 Main Types of Fermentation (cont.)  2. Alcohol Fermentation  In yeast and some bacteria  Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide  Ex: yeast used for baking bread and making wine/beer  https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=i1w09QKf9GU https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=i1w09QKf9GU  2. Alcohol Fermentation  In yeast and some bacteria  Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide  Ex: yeast used for baking bread and making wine/beer  https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=i1w09QKf9GU https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=i1w09QKf9GU

44. Alcohol Fermentation  Inputs:  Glucose, 2ADP  Outputs:  2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 CO 2  NAD+ gets regenerated  Inputs:  Glucose, 2ADP  Outputs:  2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 CO 2  NAD+ gets regenerated

45. Why don’t you get drunk off bread? o Take a minute and pair up with the person sitting NEXT to you and discuss this question.

46. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Lactic acid or CO2/ethanol Cytoplasm

47. Do Now!!  What happens when we don’t get enough oxygen?  What does our body do?  What happens when we don’t get enough oxygen?  What does our body do?

48. Do Now!!  What are the two phases of photosynthesis?  What are the inputs and outputs of each phase?  What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?  What are the two phases of photosynthesis?  What are the inputs and outputs of each phase?  What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

49. Objectives  To go over the steps of light dependent reactions  To understand the inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions  To label a light reactions diagram  To go over the steps of light dependent reactions  To understand the inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions  To label a light reactions diagram

50. Do Now!!  What is the equation for photosynthesis?  Where do light dependent reactions take place? Independent?  What are the inputs of light dependent reactions? The outputs?  What is the equation for photosynthesis?  Where do light dependent reactions take place? Independent?  What are the inputs of light dependent reactions? The outputs?

51. Objectives  To go over the steps of light dependent reactions  To understand the inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions  To label a light reactions diagram  To go over the steps of light dependent reactions  To understand the inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions  To label a light reactions diagram