1. Inquiry 1 Sedentarization

2. http://www.thinkinghistory.co.uk/ActivityBase/Images/WineGumGraphic.jpg Neolithic ( New Stone Age ) Palaeolithic ( Old Stone Age )

3. Fertile Crescent: Sedentary people first began building permanent villages around 8 000 BC. These lands were fertile*. *This meant the soil was good to grow crops (vegetation). Agriculture (farming) was born! Humans had developed the techniques to cultivate* plants. *Cultivate means to prepare and work on (land) in order to raise crops. They raised livestock (i.e. cows, pigs and goats). They grew crops (i.e. wheat and barley).

4. Palaeolithic people: 1. They constantly searched for food. This made them predators! 2. They were forced to follow the migration of animals and could not built permanent shelter (houses). This made them nomads! 3. Nomads relocated once they ran out of food. This meant they had to move to a different location.

5. They lived in small groups (10-30 people). They were forced to follow the migration of herds. Survival depended on successful hunting (men) and gathering (women)

6. From nomadic to sedentary life: (From constantly moving around to settling down): Around 8,000 BC humans began to cultivate plants. How did they discover these agricultural (farming) techniques? Humans observed that new plants grew where the seeds were left on the ground.

7. HOMEWORK Page 11 #1,2,3 & 4 Page 12 #5 & 7 Page 13 #12

8. The archaeological Site of Ein Mallaha : Ein MallahaEin Mallaha Ain Malla-ha was a Natufian settlement built and settled around 10,000–8,000 BC. Natufian The site is located an area surrounded by hills in Northern Israel; near a lake. The area was once heavily forested. The villagers ate lots of meat and fish.

9. This village showed evidence of Palaeolithic practises (hunted) and Neolithic practises (farmed). We call this an example of a transition between both periods.

10. Archaeological evidence shows that dogs were already a part of human society around the end of the Ice Age. An elderly man and a puppy were buried together, over 10 000 years ago.

11. Humans invented tools in order to perform certain tasks in agriculture. Such tools included: hoe, sickle, grinder and rubbing stone.

12. How Were Neolithic Villages Organized? Land Development: Farmers settled near fields to grow crops. Villages were protected by high walls. Villages held 150-200 people. Ex: Village of Catal Huyuk around 6,000 BC.

13. The village of Catal Huyuk is located in Turkey.

14. One of the world’s oldest villages Approx. 7000 people Square or rectangular houses Attached houses No streets Painted frescos decorated interior walls

15. Neolithic people produced many sculptures of plump women (i.e. Mother Goddess). Women were valued because they ensured (made sure) the survival of the group by bearing children. Villagers started claiming and owning land as soon as they began growing. Fertile land was valuable.

16. What is a skilled trade? Skilled trade – A job that is carried out by someone who has the capacity to do something well; technique, ability. Skills are usually acquired or learned. Skilled trade – A job that is carried out by someone who has the capacity to do something well; technique, ability. Skills are usually acquired or learned.

17. Population Increase: Crops and livestock ensured (guaranteed) food on the table. Families grew in numbers because of this. Social Division of Labour (jobs): Men and women performed different tasks. The more challenging tasks were given to villagers that were either talented, gifted or more intelligent. Examples of such skilled trades are: mining, basketry, pottery, weaving and metallurgy.

18. Specialized skills led to new social groups; such as soldiers, miners, and skilled artisans Artisans/craftsmen also known as trades- people. Why? Once they made it, they could trade it! Artisans made bricks, containers, baskets, tools and fabrics Trade: Food surpluses (extra food) led to trade within the village itself and between different regions It was common to trade vegetables for tools!

19. Commercial Trade: Merchants travelled hundreds of kilometres to trade with other regions (communities). Bartered (traded) objects for other objects.

20. Political power: We needed to be well-coordinated and well- organized to clear land, irrigate fields, harvest crops, etc. Neolithic villages were politically organized Two (2) models can be considered:

21. 1 st Model: Strong Central Authority: A single leader, advised by his close family Controlled the village; coordinated all work 2 nd Model: Village Council: This group of men, which was formed by the heads of each family, held meetings to make important decisions.

22. Emergence of Social Hierarchy: Some jobs required special skills. Skilled jobs were highly valued. Having villagers who mastered these skills was important because they knew how to perform a specific service or task well. Skilled workers had more power than peasants.