1. UNIT 1: LESSON 1 NOTES Ch. 1, Sec. 1: Understanding Our Past

2. How do we study the past?  By finding artifacts What is an artifact?  What Reveals Artifacts? Time Erosion Folklore Tradition  Interpret the evidence  Calculate a possible bias

3. Investigating Prehistory  Prehistory = period before invention of writing  Anthropology studies human physical traits; also cultural traits  Archaeology studies material remains of past people and cultures

4. Investigating Prehistory  Tools used to investigate prehistory: 1. Digging (large equipment to toothbrushes) 2. Maps 3. Computers 4. Aerial photographs 5. Carbon dating

5. Terms 1. Homo Sapiens – humans over 100,000 years ago 2. Hominids – 2 legged primate 4 million years ago 3. Homo Erectus – upright human (fire and tools) ‘thinkers’ 4. Neanderthal – prehistoric man

7. UNIT 1: LESSON 2 NOTES Ch. 1, Sec. 2: Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution

8. Paleolithic Period  2 million B.C. to about 10,000 B.C.  people lived as nomads *hunters and gatherers *lived in small groups *adapted to their environments (clothing, shelter, tools, etc.)  religious people? *evidence of great care in burying dead *belief in a spiritual world *animism: guiding spirits in animals, objects, and dreams

9. Neolithic Period  10,000 B.C. to 300 B.C.  “Neolithic Revolution” *people learned to farm *effect: people didn’t have to follow the animals anymore; could live in one place (Jericho was one of the first permanent settlements)  first domesticated plants and animals *animals: goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, llamas *plants: yams, rice, squash, barley, peas, wheat

10. UNIT 1: LESSON 3 NOTES Ch. 3, Sec. 3: Beginnings of Civilization

11. First Cities and Civilizations Arise  Where? -near major rivers (Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Huang, Chang) -present day Egypt, Iraq, China, India

12.  Why? -great conditions for farming *water was a source for animals and people *floodwaters kept the land fertile *waterways were a means of transportation -surpluses of food were created, allowing everyone to be fed *people began getting other jobs

13.  Who? -Egyptians, Sumerians, Indus, Shang China

14. Basic Features that Define Civilization 1. Organized governments 2. Complex religions 3. Job specialization 4. Social classes 5. Arts and architecture 6. Public works 7. Writing

15. Civilizations Change Over Time 1. Environmental changes affected some cultures -natural disasters -natural resource was used up -caused cultures to adapt or fail

16. Civilizations Change Over Time 2. Cultural Diffusion -spread of ideas, customs, and technologies -caused by migration, trade, and warfare

17. Civilizations Change Over Time 3. Growth of Cities -cities expanded into city-states -very much government controlled

18. Civilizations Change Over Time 4. Empires Established -power hungry leaders would conquer many city-states -negative: conquered people often became slaves -positive: brought many people together with common bonds