1. Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities: Research-Based Practices Second Edition 0-13-233138-1 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mathematics Chapter 14

2. Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities, Second Edition Cohen and Spenciner © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Chapter objectives Describe approaches for the assessment of mathematics. Demonstrate instructional strategies for teaching mathematics to students with disabilities. Convey an understanding of functional mathematics.

3. Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities, Second Edition Cohen and Spenciner © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Learning difficulties in mathematics Range from mild to severe Can be compounded due to reading difficulties Problems may involve Memory Inattention to operational signs and symbols such as +, -, X Difficulties doing calculations Reading comprehension Visual and spatial problems

4. Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities, Second Edition Cohen and Spenciner © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Linking assessment with mathematics instruction Assessment occurs as a normal part of the student's work Linked to state and national benchmarks Error analysis Performance-based assessment Portfolios Exhibitions Observations Can employ various standardized instruments

5. Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities, Second Edition Cohen and Spenciner © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Instructional strategies One-to-one correspondence Mathematical operations Prompting Problem solving Opportunities to communicate about mathematics Functional mathematics

6. Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities, Second Edition Cohen and Spenciner © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Using technology Web-based instructional and curriculum resources Individual software programs Direct instruction Tutoring Practice Modeling Problem solving

7. Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities, Second Edition Cohen and Spenciner © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Considering diversity Mathematics can be viewed as the development of ideas that involve number, pattern, logic, and spatial configuration in various cultures. The term “ethnomathematics" is used to describe the mathematical practices of various cultural groups. Using ethnomathematics as a springboard, teachers can develop interdisciplinary units that integrate the study of mathematics with science, technology, social studies, history, geography, languages, and literature.

8. Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities, Second Edition Cohen and Spenciner © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Summary A variety of assessment approaches should be used and linked to teaching and learning activities. There is a range of strategies that teachers can use to support students’ mathematics learning. Functional mathematics prepare students for mathematical topics that they encounter in daily living and work.