1. THE CASE AGAINST SUGAR CHEM 315 Amelia Johnston and Sam Saylor 4/28/15

2. “If a substance is abused and addictive and it contributes to societal problems, that is criteria for regulation” -Robert H. Lustig (Endocrinologist from UC San Francisco)

4. #1 Added Sugar: Sucrose

5. Glucose vs. Fructose There is no significant nutritional difference between the two; both provide 4 cal/g. The difference is the function they serve to the body: Glucose is involved in getting energy into the cells of the body Fructose is involved in glycogen, triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis in the liver The long term result of fructose on the body is fatty liver disease, which leads to obesity, heart disease and diabetes (diseases that are commonly associated with excess fat, not sugar)

6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3533803/bin/1743-7075-9-89-1.jpg

7. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) Example of added sweetener based on fructose Example of added sweetener based on fructose Hydrolyzes polysaccharides in corn starch to form glucose Hydrolyzes polysaccharides in corn starch to form glucose -starch = α-1,6-glycosidic linkages & α-1,4- glycosidic linkages -(amylases) -starch = α-1,6-glycosidic linkages & α-1,4- glycosidic linkages -(amylases) Enzymatically isomerizes most of glucose into fructose Enzymatically isomerizes most of glucose into fructose -glucose isomerase -glucose isomerase

8. Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose

9. Why people think artificial sweeteners are the answer? They are made to be more sweet so we can use less Some contain zero calories or very few Useful approach in managing weight loss Beneficial to diabetics

10. Why research proves otherwise… Pavlov’s dog (Ivan Pavlov, Russian digestive physiologist) -the conditioned response Inability to predict the correct arrival of calories weakens hormone response Brain’s sweet processing center no longer gauges calorie correctly -body’s mechanisms to control calorie intake become ineffective

11. Regulation of Added Sugars? “Sugar has gone from a condiment to a dietary staple” Society’s current means of sweetening food isn’t ideal 2/3 of the 1,300 replies to a 2013 New England Journal of Medicine poll favored in government regulation of sugar Socioeconomic issue Education issue Advertisement